Urban Framework and Transformations Induced by the Devotion to St. Agatha in the City of Catania

14 Giugno, 2024

Introduction

Catania, a city rich in history and culture with complex urban characteristics, is a metropolis with roots dating back to the Greek era. Its urban form and structure have been influenced not by a singular morphogenesis but by various events that have led to its unique characterization.

The veneration of Saint Agatha, the city’s patron saint, has undoubtedly contributed to this slow process of transformation, shaping aspects that are little explored in scholarly disciplines. The documentation that records these events is fragmentary, sometimes leaning more towards narrating the events rather than providing a scientific description of the phenomena. The annual procession in honor of the saint has left an indelible mark on the characterization and classification of urban areas, influencing everything from the diversification of districts (once defined as “quarters”) to the impact on the commercial value of sites.

A scholarly branch of modern city history agrees that the devotion to the saint has inevitably guided urban choices, shaping its architecture, planning, and economic development. This contribution examines the city’s evolution over time and the particular influence of the devotion to Saint Agatha on urban and territorial decisions.

Saint Agatha. (Photo: © Biagio Bisignani, 2023).

Saint Agatha and the Origin of Devotion

The devotion to Saint Agatha dates back to the 3rd century A.D., when the young Christian martyr was tortured and killed during the persecutions under Emperor Decius. Her story, tied to resistance and Christian faith, recalls that the two “dark men” in 1126, Gilberto and Gosellino, managed to steal the saint’s body from Constantinople and bring it back to Catania [1]. The reconstruction of the events and the places they traversed has given life to the procession that, since then, takes place every year from February 3rd to 5th. It is one of the most significant Catholic religious events in the world, perhaps second only in terms of participation to the Holy Week in Seville, attracting thousands of faithful and tourists.

The Devotion to Saint Agatha and Urban Planning

The earthquake of 1693 was one of the most devastating events in Catania’s history. The quake almost completely destroyed the city, resulting in the deaths of about 12,000 people. However, the catastrophe also presented an opportunity for a complete urban reconstruction. The devotion to the saint had a significant impact on Catania’s urban planning. The reconstruction of the Cathedral Basilica was the first point of contention between Bishop Riggio and the civil and military authorities. The temple housing the saint’s relics was to represent the symbol of the reconstruction of a Christian city, tied to the patron saint. The authorities sent to Catania by the Spanish viceroy Juan Francisco Pacheco Téllez-Girón, Duke of Uzeda, did not share this view. Specifically, Giuseppe Lanza, Duke of Camastra, who came from Palermo with full “prefectorial” powers [2], was more inclined to pursue a city design that included an important monumental structure for the “senatorial” [3] and the future government palace. Essentially, it had to guarantee maximum visibility to the Spanish power, which had granted significant economic resources for the city’s reconstruction on the same site. Perhaps, due to these contrasting viewpoints, the tensions and dichotomies between the civil and religious societies of Sicily’s two most important cities, Palermo and Catania, were founded during this period. The determination of the Bishop, accompanied by a large group of devout citizens, managed to secure the privileged position of the Cathedral Basilica: reconstructed on the same previous site, perfectly aligned with the road leading towards the fertile lands of the plain, ensuring the first solemn blessing of the saint to the productive fields during the start of the Christian procession. This decision cost the Bishop dearly, who had to leave Catania and retire to Rome, returning later but no longer as a Bishop. The main streets of the city, such as Via Etnea (the street of lights), Via Lincoln, and Via Crociferi, were also designed and built to facilitate the passage of the religious procession, allowing the main squares, like Piazza Duomo, Piazza dei Martiri, and Piazza Stesicoro, to become focal points for the celebrations.

Dynamic Public Spaces

Via Etnea, the main street of Catania, is a perfect example of how the religious procession has influenced the urban structure. This long artery, which today connects the historic center with the more modern areas of the city, crosses numerous significant locations for the procession. Its width and linearity have offered, since the early 1700s, a sumptuous and monumental scene for the saint’s religious function along the original procession route. In the 1800s, after subsequent leveling and geometric adjustments, Via Etnea was restored to its current configuration, allowing for the doubling of the procession and the addition of an outer circuit.

Architecture

Even the buildings, in their purest architectural composition, seem to have had a particular attention to the devotion to the saint. The constant presence of the mezzanine floor above the ground floor placed the noble floor (first floor) in a privileged position. The purpose was to allow the residents to admire the “beauty” [4] of the celebrated saint during the religious procession. The noble floor was characterized by large balconies with bulbous iron railings, enriched with decorations, useful for the adornment of small and temporary votive altars. Ornamental features that in the 1800s made the city of Catania unique and unprecedented in style during the Agatine festivities. In summary, the reconstruction of Catania after the earthquake followed the principles of Baroque, late Baroque, and eclectic styles, with particular attention to symmetry, order, and monumentality. This choice perfectly suited the need to create a suitable context for the procession of Saint Agatha. Wide and straightened streets, buildings rebuilt with greater attention to decoration and magnificence.

Static Public Spaces

Piazza Duomo, the beating heart of Catania and the center of the Agatine celebrations, simultaneously serves as the temple of Christian religiosity during the festivities. The Cathedral of Saint Agatha dominates the square, and during the procession, this space transforms into a place of meditation and prayer. Other historic squares intersecting the procession routes also become reference points for the saint’s scheduled stops. Piazza dei Martiri, Piazza Carlo Alberto, Piazza Cavour, and Piazza Palestro are urban spaces that, for a certain time and due to their privileged positions along the Agatine routes, have distinguished themselves with particular real estate values. Over time, they have been repeatedly rebuilt, restored, and redeveloped, always respecting the strict rules of the religious procession.

Celebrations in honor of Saint Agatha in Piazza Duomo, Catania. (Photo: © Biagio Bisignani).

Conclusions

There exists in scholarship a theory that presents, in various aspects, a different characterization of the type-morphological genesis of the urban structure of the city of Catania. It is mainly linked to principles of safety, surveillance, and salubrity of places. It must be said, however, that this theory, although antithetical, does not contradict the one related to the meanings of religiosity. In literature, there are various and multiple opinions, which always converge in the unity of interests and objectives of the time, characterized by the Latin motto melior de cinere surgo. Catania is a city that has been able to turn adversity into opportunity, continually evolving under the watchful eye of devotion to Saint Agatha. From the earthquake of 1693 to the lava flows of the 1300s and 1600s, the city has always found the strength to rebuild and improve. The procession of Saint Agatha has shaped the urban and architectural structure of Catania, creating an indissoluble link between faith, culture, and territory.


HEAD IMAGE | The Cathedral of Saint Agatha in Catania. (Photo: © Elena Cocuzza).


NOTES

[1] Società per la Storia Patria, Archivio Storico per la Sicilia Orientale – ANNO XIX FASCICOLI I E II, 1922, Off. Graf. Cav. Uff. Vinc. Giannotta, Catania.
[2] Giuseppe Lanza was sent to Catania to implement a rational plan for clearing debris and providing food supplies to alleviate the survivors’ suffering. F. Ferrara, Storia di Catania sino alla fine del sec. XVIII, Catania 1829, pp. 214-218.
[3] The “senatorial” refers to the current Palazzo dei Chierici, depicted in the image of Piazza Duomo present in the text (Image No. 2).
[4] Adolfo Longhitano, Il culto di Sant’Agata, in Vittorio Peri (ed.), Agata, la santa di Catania, Bergamo, 1998.


REFERENCES

Manganaro G., Nuovi documenti magici della Sicilia orientale, Rendiconti, Atti dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di Scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, Roma, s. VIII, 18, 1963.

Manganaro G., Per la storia della Sicilia bilingue in epoca tardoantica: presbiteri cristiani e superstizione giudaizzante nel contado. Il presbyteros Gregorios morto nel VI sec. d. C., in Rizzo F. P. (a cura di), Di abitato in abitato. In itinere fra le più antiche testimonianze cristiane degli Iblei, Atti del convegno internazionale di studi (Ragusa- Catania, 3 aprile 2003), SEIA 8/9 (2003/2004), Pisa-Roma 2005.

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Article reference for citation:

BISIGNANI, Biagio. “Urban Framework and Transformations Induced by the Devotion to St. Agatha in the City of Catania”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 47 (June 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/urban-framework-and-transformations-induced-by-the-devotion-to-st-agatha-in-the-city-of-catania/

BISIGNANI, Biagio. “Forma urbana e trasformazioni indotte dalla devozione per Sant'Agata nella città di Catania”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 47 (June 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/urban-framework-and-transformations-induced-by-the-devotion-to-st-agatha-in-the-city-of-catania/



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