The Waterfront of Catania and the Larmisi Cliff

14 Giugno, 2024

Over the last decades, the decommissioning of port or railway infrastructures, as well as interventions to change their layout or to bury them, have been the starting point of city transformation processes, as occasions to insert equipment, new functions and cultural, economic and tourist activities (Gabrielli, 2004).

The theme of the waterfront, i.e. the “portion of the fabric of the city that lies on the edge, in contact with the water” (Bruttomesso, 2007), has therefore become highly topical, involving both port and non-port areas (coastal littorals, along rivers or along canals) thanks to its high transformation potential (Carta, 2006).

In numerous interventions, the waterfront redevelopment has assumed the role of a motor for the regeneration of the city, or parts of it, as an opportunity to promote sustainable development (Carta, 2006).

Background

The city of Catania overlooks the sea for about 9 km, in addition to the 2.5 km of sandy coastline to the south, known as the Playa, from which the mouth of the Acquicella torrent, the commercial harbour, the Larmisi reef, the Caito harbour, also known as the Rossi marina, and the northern waterfront with the ancient seaside villages of San Giovanni Li Cuti and Ognina follow in a northerly direction.
Of the aforementioned kilometres of coastline, about two are affected by the harbour, while the others consist of lava stretches of great naturalistic value due to their morphological peculiarities, shapes and spontaneous vegetation, which settle at heights of between eight and eleven metres.

The coastal shoreline that stretches from the port area to Piazza Europa, for about two kilometres along the Larmisi cliff, currently occupied by the railway tracks of the Ferrovie dello Stato [1], has been the subject of extensive debate in the city for several years, in anticipation of possible urban and infrastructural transformations, in anticipation of both the drafting and approval of a General Urban Plan, and the realisation of the so-called ‘Catania Node’, a project of the Italian Railway Network [2], which envisages the burying of the railway line between Piazza Europa and Piazza dei Martiri.
The latter is the starting point of the ‘Passiatore’, the historic seaside promenade of the Catanese, which extends along the tracks to the railway station, built in the 19th century to replace the existing promenade along the route of the Walls of Charles V, obstructed by the construction of the ‘Archi della Marina’ railway viaduct.

Much of today’s historic city centre, the so-called ‘Camastrian’ urban plan, overlooks the port area, which is enclosed by a customs wall. Subsequent urban development in the 19th and 20th centuries, on the other hand, involved the Larmisi cliff, possibly dating back to 4-5000 B.C., probably the first lava to reach the uninhabited territory of Catania.

From left to top: Piazza Europa, Piazza Galatea, the Caito harbour, Piazza Giovanni XXIII, the ‘Passiatore’ in Piazza dei Martiri, the Larmisi cliff.

Here the coast is strongly penalized by the presence of the railway, the “Catania Centrale” station, the city’s main freight and passenger port, and the locomotive depot near Piazza Europa, which have prevented over time the full usability of the coast, thus determining a barrier between the sea and the urban fabric. This relationship in this area is unique and of great naturalistic and environmental value, due to the presence of the cliff created by the lavas, however, usable only near the marina, managed by private individuals, located at the Locomotive Depot in piazza Europa and obtained, in the 1960s, from an inlet of the lava cliff.

Another great relevance, for historical and cultural value, is related to the presence, near Piazza Giovanni XXIII, of the exhibition center “Le Ciminiere,” among the first examples of industrial archaeology in Italy, evidence, along with other disused buildings in the area, of the sulfur deposits and refineries, which constituted at the end of the nineteenth century the most important industrial activity in the city of Catania and Sicily. In fact, along Viale Africa, a continuation of road SS 114, which is the main axis of access from the south to the city, there is a building fabric characterized by old industrial factories awaiting redevelopment, although some punctual rehabilitation work has already been carried out.

In addition, along the urban strip immediately behind the cliff are, from the north, Piazza Europa, the nerve center and starting point of the so-called “Axis of the avenues,” the main urban road axis that crosses, in an east-west direction, the city and on which gravitate many functions (residential, commercial) and activities (services, municipal facilities and institutions); Piazza Galatea and Viale Ionio, another important commercial axis; and Piazza Giovanni XXIII, one of the main nodes of urban mobility. These presences, together with the high accessibility guaranteed by the presence of the subway line stations, “Galatea” and “Catania Centrale,” the railway station “Catania Centrale,” which absorbs almost all of the city’s passenger traffic, and the urban and suburban bus terminals, located in Piazza Giovanni XXIII, give a strategic role to the area, which is considered one of the main poles of attraction in the area.

Different coastal typologies along the Catania waterfront. (Source: Authors’ elaboration).

Framing of the port areas of Catania. (Source: Authors’ elaboration).

Urban Historical Dynamics

From the 16th to the 17th century, the morphology of the city, founded in 729 B.C. by Chalcidian Greek settlers, was closely linked to the layout of the Spanish city wall, built at the behest of Emperor Charles V, which completely enclosed the city, beyond which the only important presences were the convent of San Francesco di Paola on the piano de Larmisi and the small church of SS. Salvatore on the rocks of Porto Pontone (De Luca, 2012).
Throughout its history Catania has been repeatedly destroyed by volcanic eruptions that repeatedly reached the sea, the most impressive in 1669, and by earthquakes, the most catastrophic in 1169 and 1693. Following the latter, which razed Catania to the ground, the city revealed great resilience by removing or regenerating the remaining housing stock. The reconstruction of the city was the work of Giuseppe Lanza Duca di Camastra, a military engineer, sent by the King of Spain, who together with Carlos de Grunembergh, also a military engineer, decided to lay out the new streets according to orthogonal directions (cardo and decumanus), as the main directions of the streets, which would intersect at right angles around the cathedral (one of the few buildings not completely destroyed) that remained the beating heart of the city (Dato, 1983).

From left: view of Catania after 1575 (Source: P. Mortier); view of Catania in 1708 (Source: Author unknown); plan of Catania in 1833 (Source: Sebastiano Ittar).

In the Industrial Revolution period, as a result of the great demand for raw materials and minerals, Sicily was given the record for sulfur production in Europe; numerous sulfur mines were created on the island, concentrated in the provinces of Agrigento and Caltanissetta, while processing was deferred to the Spanish provinces. In 1835, in order to enhance the industrial settlements that had sprung up in the de Larmisi area, the present-day Via Messina took shape, with a straight route reaching as far as the Gulf of Ulysses harbor area and continuing to the neighboring towns on the coast.

The most relevant urban planning event, which determined the current layout of the area, was the construction, starting in 1866, of the Messina-Catania-Siracusa railway. The project envisioned a coastal route, as was the case with other Italian cities, despite a proposal to move the rail line upstream to avoid the construction of an iron wall between the city and the sea.
In order to connect, by means of the railroad, the extreme northern edge of Sicily and the port of Messina to the productive areas of the eastern and sulfur-bearing strip of the central-eastern part of the island, the Catania Centrale railway station was inaugurated in 1867, along the de Larmisi cliff, and, in 1869, a masonry viaduct, known as the “Archi della Marina,” was inaugurated, which still connects the Catania Centrale station to the mouth of the Acquicella tunnel.
In the same year, the port was also connected to Catania Central Station by a downhill railroad junction.
Later, an industrial citadel was built nearby for the in situ refining of sulfur, which arrived from the mines and was later exported by rail and sea. An urban fabric interspersed with residences and industrial factories began to emerge, the main facilities being smelting furnaces and refining mills, allocated in large rectangular sheds with “gabled” roofs, from which the flues, roughly thirty meters high, still rise. Construction of the refineries continued until 1905, the period of maximum sulfur production (Rebecchini et al., 1991).

The development of the city of Catania, 1833-1897. (Source: Authors’ elaboration).

After the war, the Sicilian mines went into crisis, ceasing operations, so the plants were abandoned. With the construction of Africa Avenue, the sulfur citadel was divided into two sections. The one to the east bordering the railroad, which was severely damaged during the last conflict, was abandoned altogether, while the one to the west was reconverted into various commercial, craft and industrial activities.
In the 1980s Ferrovie dello Stato, which currently offers a predominantly long-distance railway service, for the Messina-Catania-Siracusa and Catania-Palermo lines, showed need to solve in so-called “Catania Node” with the total doubling of the railway in the urban area, proposing projects alongside the existing route. The initial hypothesis of a total shift of the route to go north of the city was later abandoned as too costly. Subsequently, the preliminary design [3] of Italian Railway Network “Catania Node” [4] was developed in 2003, under the Objective Law [5], which envisages a series of interventions in the Catania municipal area that fit into the broader context of the Messina-Catania-Palermo route, part of the Scandinavian-Mediterranean corridor of the Trans-European Transport Network TEN-T [6].

In recent years, a number of new stops have been built within the urban area, including a passenger stop called Europa near the square of the same name, with a view to developing a coastal metropolitan service from Taormina. More recently, regarding the Catania Railway Node, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed on May 22, 2024 between the Metropolitan City of Catania and the Ferrovie dello Stato Group companies – Italian Railway Network and Ferrovie dello Stato Urban System. In addition, the Port System Authority of the Sea of Eastern Sicily has started the process of preparing the new Port Master Plan of Catania, which was presented to the City Council on March 12. The proposal aims to promote the port’s tourism and passenger vocation and has a strategic vision to promote the sustainable development of the port itself and its relationship with the city. The project includes, among many interventions, the expansion of the existing structure to the north and the creation of a new dock and a new seawall intended for large ships, at the de Larmisi reef, below the Central Station.
Therefore, the burying of the aforementioned station and the railway along the de Larmisi cliff, following the construction of a new underground track from the aforementioned Europa stop to the Catania Acquicella Station, near the airport, would be configured as an intervention aimed at returning the railway areas to the city. In addition, it would represent a great potential for the waterfront, since areas of great environmental and landscape value would be made available, in which urban regeneration interventions are planned, to be carried out in agreement with the Municipality of Catania, in coherence with the drafting General Urban Plan and with the protocol just signed, and with the Port System Authority of the Sea of Eastern Sicily, in line with what is foreseen in the PRP.

The Plans Compared: The Missed Redevelopment

As already mentioned, the area has always been at the center of the city’s urban planning debate, ever since the choice of the site for the construction of the railroad, which gave a specific infrastructural layout to the area. However, the city is still waiting for a new General Urban Plan since, despite the succession of proposals over the past two decades, the General Regulatory Plan, drafted by architect Luigi Piccinato in 1964, and approved in 1969, still constitutes the current municipal urban planning instrument.
That plan merely circumscribes the strip between Africa Avenue and the de Larmisi cliff “Industrial-Portal-Railway Area,” identifying green areas without, however, giving specific definition to the interspaces surrounding the rail line. In addition, maximum land and resource exploitation is planned instead of reuse, redevelopment of the existing and recovery of the city’s relationship with the sea.

Subsequently, a number of procedures for variants and exceptions to the General Regulatory Plan were activated, including a City Council resolution in 1979 that included the former refineries, due to the relevance of their historical memory, among the areas subject to a Recovery Plan, and in 1989 the “Le Ciminiere” exhibition center, designed by architect Giacomo Leone, was built there. Today the center, which has an area of almost 25,000 square meters and is used as a multipurpose center (fair, exhibition and conference), is a cultural nerve center for the entire municipality, representing great potential for the entire area. In fact, it houses, among other things, a permanent museum on the 1943 landing in Sicily, various temporary exhibitions, fairs and congresses, and is also used for concerts, theater and film performances.
An early hint of the desire to redevelop and enhance the area along the de Larmisi cliff can be found in the 1994 General Regulatory Plan proposal, in which Pierluigi Cervellati, while maintaining the railroad track on the surface, manifests a desire to create a kind of waterfront, proposing an equipped quay over the tracks intended as a pedestrian area, directly accessible at certain points; the re-functionalization of the old locomotive depot; the redevelopment of abandoned buildings along Africa Avenue, intended for services of common interest; and the redefinition near Piazza Galatea, of green areas. However, architect Cervellati, rather than resolving the critical issues formulated, sticks to defining and interpreting the interspaces as result spaces, based on the railway infrastructure and what already exists.

The full recovery and fruition of the waterfront are nodal points of the proposal of Oriol Bohigas, of MBM Arquitects studio, author of Barcelona’s plan for the 1992 Olympics, commissioned in 2004 by the municipal administration for a preliminary design of the coastal strip between the commercial port and Ognina. The Spanish architect, following the preliminary design of the Italian Railway Network, chooses the burying of the railway line and station, in order to plan the territorial integrability of the coastal area and increase the usability of the urban space by citizens. Through the design of the waterfront, with new forms capable of restoring quality to the place, it envisages the re-functionalization of the railway warehouse and disused buildings, the construction of luxury tourist facilities, the tracing of a road along the coast, the extension of a transversal axis from Africa Avenue to the sea and the construction of an adjacent surface parking lot, as well as the construction of a marina north of the breakwater, the latter taken up by subsequent General Regulatory Plan proposals. Lacking, however, is an integrated project that contemplates intermodality within it, not favoring pedestrian viability in any case.

The lowering of the iron height also became the central issue in the subsequent General Regulatory Plan proposals drafted by the Technical Offices of the City of Catania, in 2004 and 2012, the latter with the advice of the Department of Architecture of the University of Catania. Both proposals regulate the stretch of coastline, between Piazza Europa and Piazza Giovanni XXIII, as a “Resource Area” based on the principle of equalization [7].
Although with different percentages [8], both proposals envisage the creation of a coastal park along the decommissioned railway track, with pedestrian and bicycle paths aimed at citizens’ enjoyment of the coastline, the conversion of the decommissioned buildings in Viale Africa and the construction of new buildings along the coastal strip, intended for residential functions, commercial, cultural activities, hotel equipment, services of collective interest, private offices; direct, physical and visual accesses with the waterfront.
Another common goal, fundamental to the sustainable development of the area, is the enhancement of public transport and the location, according to the principle of the U.S. Transit-Oriented-Development (TOD) (Calthorpe, 1993), a functional mix at existing and planned rail public transport nodes, and the realization of an interchange at John XXIII Square, built at park-and-ride parking lots, urban and territorial metropolitan stations, and urban and suburban bus terminals.

Possible Future Scenarios

As has occurred in the dynamics and recent transformations in the international arena, which have dominated attention in terms of urban redevelopment, rehabilitation, integration, and development opportunities, in Catania, too, in recent years, the city’s increasingly pressing demands have led to a strong focus on the possible redevelopment of the waterfront.
A careful and critical examination of the city’s urban dynamics, as well as an analysis of the recent projects previously outlined, reveals the fundamental role that the railway infrastructure has played and may play in the future.
The prospect of redeveloping the area along the cliff, as a result of the lowering of the railroad grade, the burying of the train station, and the decommissioning of the locomotive warehouse (although the latter intervention has yet to be defined) would, undoubtedly, be a unique opportunity for the creation of an urban waterfront in an area that, in addition to its relevant landscape and environmental value, has a high strategic character, due to its proximity to the commercial axes of Corso Italia and Viale Ionio and to the historic center, the presence of the Caito tourist port and the “Le Ciminiere” Exhibition Center.

Areas affected by the railway infrastructure. In the centre, Catania Central Station, on the right part of the Le Ciminiere exhibition center and finally some abandoned buildings along Viale Africa.

The public transport enhancement programs implemented by Italian Railway Network and Ferrovia Circumetnea for the metro line [9], which aims to connect the existing sections with the Etna foothills to the northwest of the city and, along the southwest suburbs, with the airport infrastructure, through high accessibility thanks to an integrated public rail transport system, will also ensure further potential for development and revaluation at the same time.
The redevelopment of the de Larmisi coastal shoreline could be a great resource for the city to implement new planning strategies, solve important critical issues, and incorporate new functions long demanded by the city with a view to sustainable development.
In fact, the demolition and reorganization of the existing fabric envisaged by the 1969 General Regulatory Plan has not been carried out, nor have the areas earmarked for public green space been expropriated, resulting in the partial implementation of services.
In addition, due to the current mobility system, which has grown without a predetermined plan, it is evident that there is a scarcity, along Africa Avenue and neighboring streets, of areas for the exclusive use of pedestrian mobility, as well as a lack of bicycle paths (Cocuzza et al., 2010).
Undoubtedly, the redevelopment of the waterfront and the surrounding areas must also go through more sustainable scenarios from the point of view of mobility (Banister, 2008), in line with European Union policies [10], enhancing accessibility [11], promoting pedestrian and bicycle mobility, so-called “soft mobility,” in order to ensure high spatial and energy efficiency, physical well-being, social equity [12] and increased road safety.
All this is in accordance with the emblematic value that waterfronts have taken on, becoming public spaces of cities, which extend, seamlessly, to the sea. The waterfront is no longer a physical limit, boundary or “line” but a “network of places, intersection of uses, functions and flows” (Carta, 2012). A structurally complex area composed of interconnected spatial systems, aesthetically, functionally and socially, with “productive, relational, cultural, recreational and housing functions” (Carta, 2006).
Therefore, a priority objective, for the development of Catania’s waterfront, is to propose new opportunities for sustainable growth through the achievement of the recovery and enjoyment of the cultural and environmental heritage, favoring the integrability between the consolidated urban fabric and the sea, through the usability of the coast with direct, physical and visual accesses; the recovery of disused buildings present between Africa Avenue and the railway embankment, to be allocated to new functions (receptive, commercial, directional and cultural) also related to the promotion of tourism (Cocuzza et al., 2010).

Redevelopment also passes through projects of great urban and architectural quality. The waterfront should be redesigned with interventions that are integrated with each other, with particular attention to possible solutions, to investigate the variation of the coastline and the creation of new spaces to fulfill new functions (receptive, green areas, areas for sports, rest and recreational areas) (Cocuzza et al., 2010). Both the recent Port Master Plan proposal and the Municipal Administration’s ongoing project for a bicycle path along the arterial road that runs along the harbor from Via Plebiscito to the Faro Biscari, consisting of Via Cristoforo Colombo and Via Domenico Tempio, are placed in this perspective.

Conclusion

There is no doubt that for the definition of the city’s waterfront, it is necessary both to dissolve the “Catania Node,” with the burying of the railway line and related facilities, and the implementation of the interventions envisaged by the new PRP. From this follows a general rethinking of the waterfront as a possible driver of sustainable development and urban regeneration.
It is necessary, therefore, to proceed to a transformation and enhancement of the railway areas and those located along the margins of the port; to a morphological and functional recomposition between the city and the de Larmisi reef; to investigate the potential of the surrounding urban context to assume a role of urban “new centrality.”
Examination of the urban planning dynamics and proposed plans that have followed one another over the years shows that the usual sectoral approach appears to be outdated by the need for interdisciplinary research that can better handle more complex problems.
Therefore, synergy and coordination among all stakeholders will be crucial to avoid fragmented decision-making, which in the past has been the main cause of planned and, often, unimplemented urban transformation.
Stakeholder involvement and coordination is imperative to achieve a transparent planning decision-making process [13], enriched by input from all categories in order to support shared decisions (Ignaccolo et al., 2013), which are necessary to give the waterfront a key role in opening up new spaces, services and functions.


HEAD IMAGE | Panoramic view of the waterfront of Catania, with the railway track. (Source: ………………………………………………………………)


NOTES

Article published in PORTUSplus Journal n. 15 – 2015 and updated by the authors in 2024.
Cocuzza, Elena, and Eliana Fischer. 2015. “The Waterfront of Catania Between past and Future: The Larmisi Cliff”. PORTUSplus 5 (April).
https://portusplus.org/index.php/pp/article/view/141

[1] Company that owns the national railway infrastructure.
[2] National railway infrastructure management company.
[3] Approved by resolution of CIPE, Interministerial Committee for Economic Planning, No. 45 of 2004. Established in 1967, the CIPE is a collegial body of the government for policy-making in the economic and financial spheres that performs coordinating functions in matters of economic policy planning to be pursued at the national, EU and international levels.
[4] “General Illustrative Report of the General Regulatory Plan of Catania,” prepared by the City of Catania in 2004.
[5] Legislative instrument establishing procedures and financing arrangements for the construction of major strategic infrastructure in Italy for the decade from 2002 to 2013.
[6] Trans-European Networks-Transport, TEN-T, are centered on 5 multimodal transport corridors that connect major European urban nodes, with major seaports and river-maritime ports, major airports, and major interports or road-rail modal interchange centers.
[8] Principle that, in return for the planned urbanization, the promoters of the intervention should give up to the Administration areas to be used for public facilities.
[9] The first proposal calls for 50 percent of the area to be used for public greenery and sports; 40 percent for an urban park and the remaining 10 percent for parking; while the second proposal calls for the creation of a coastal park, about 15 hectares in size (Source: “General Illustrative Report of the General Regulatory Plan of Catania,” prepared by the City of Catania in 2004 and ” General Regulatory Plan Catania. General Report,” prepared in 2012).
[10] Currently, the Ferrovia Circumetnea (FCE), in urban areas, offers a metropolitan-type service, which originated as an evolution of the Catania-Randazzo section on its own routes. The metropolitan-type operation still does not exploit the full potential of the line and vehicles, due to the incomplete network.
[11] European Commission (2001), White Paper. European transport policy to 2010: time for choices; European Commission (2007), Green Paper. Towards a new culture of urban mobility; European Commission (2011), White Paper. Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and sustainable transport policy.
[12] Potential for interaction between different human activities distributed across the territory. This approach is more sustainable than the traditional one geared toward encouraging mobility, understood as the potential to make trips as quickly as possible, mostly by private vehicle, not adequately considering the resulting impacts.
[13] Ability for all social groups to move around using different modes of transportation.
[14] Through information exchange and interaction among and between stakeholders and the decision-making process. It is important to involve stakeholders from the very beginning of the planning process, with different levels of involvement at different stages.


REFERENCES



Article reference for citation:

COCUZZA, Elena. “The Waterfront of Catania and the Larmisi Cliff”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 47 (June 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/the-waterfront-of-catania-and-the-larmisi-cliff/

COCUZZA, Elena. “Il lungomare di Catania e la scogliera Larmisi”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 47 (June 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/the-waterfront-of-catania-and-the-larmisi-cliff/



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