Women in the Logistics, Maritime and Port Sector: Why Not?…….Why Yes!

10 Giugno, 2024

Images of strong men managing all issues related to supply and logistics (driving trucks, loading and unloading products, operating cranes, organizing storage or performing maintenance of port infrastructure, sailors, stevedores, port police, etc.) have been typical since the dawn of time. The maritime-port sector has always been male-dominated because the main traditional business involved operations, building infrastructures, and the processes related to them.

However, over the last few decades, we have started to witness a far-reaching transformation in the sector, not only in professions requiring certain physical characteristics, but also in those linked to the sea and ports, which did not have such a marked physical component, but which traditionally involved very few women, such as those related to port infrastructure.

And it was precisely in the early 1990s, when women’s roles in the sector were changing, that I started my professional involvement in the port logistics sector. My desire to acquire professional experience abroad thanks to my training in macroeconomics and international trade led me to embark on interesting professional adventures in Argentina, Thailand and China. At that time globalization and international trade were expanding in the wake of tariff and financial deregulation. We started to witness strong growth in exports in Spain, and especially in Catalonia. Many of these companies shifted from European and South American markets to others such as the United States or Asia. Catalan companies in particular were extending their market reach further afield than Europe, and more and more women were to be seen working in export departments. It was very clear that the number of women was rising in all professions linked to international trade, but not in the highest echelons of companies, especially in positions that required frequent travel. In fact, the most significant advance that women were achieving in Spanish companies was taking place above all in completely new departments. One example is marketing, an area in which women were a majority and where they evidently reached the highest positions of responsibility.

Developments in global trade were pointing very clearly towards the future dominant role of the Asian continent in globalization. Following the development of the NICs (Newly Industrialized Countries) during the ’70s and ’80s, the most characteristic examples of which were Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan, it was mainland China’s turn. The “dragon was awakening” and its capacity and size would lead it to become the world’s factory and consequently also its logistics center. Experts were signaling a shift of the epicenter of international trade and the economy in general towards Asia; this has been proven over the last few decades. In the ’90s, there were still very few young professionals with training and experience in foreign trade who were willing to live and work in Asia. A destination like Hong Kong was naturally attractive and reasonably easy, thanks in part to the British. However, for a woman, managing the Hong Kong delegation of a major Catalan logistics sector company headquartered in the Port of Barcelona was still rather unusual. One essential part of the functions of the Hong Kong post also involved travelling around mainland China and negotiating with Chinese logistics agents in various ports (Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Qingdao, Ningbo, Tianjin, etc.). At that time, the company where I worked was one of the few Spanish logistics companies with an office in Hong Kong where several expatriate women also held positions of responsibility. Being a “gwaila” (the Cantonese expression meaning a pale-skinned Westerner) working at the head of a logistics services delegation in Hong Kong, meant being an expatriate foreign woman with decision-making capacity. Despite China being a very patriarchal society, Western female managers were considered an exception and enjoyed a “privileged” position, which would have been very difficult to enjoy in Spain.

Hutchison Ports BEST. (© Port de Barcelona, 2021).

Until the late ‘90s, Hong Kong had been the logistical and financial epicenter of China with its feverish economic activity. This free port was the global trade gateway into and out of China. Already at the end of the ’90s, it was starting to become clear that the logistics center was shifting from Hong Kong to Shenzhen and Guangzhou (Pearl River Delta area) as well as Shanghai (Yangtze River Delta area). With the creation of multiple direct services from these ports, as Hong Kong was no longer the logistics hub for China, a place where transshipment was mandatory. Subsequently, the rapid development of Chinese ports like Ningbo, Qingdao and Tianjin have made them the main global ports along with Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou. The growth of the logistics sector in China during those years, and recently with the Maritime Silk Road (MSR) starting in 2005, has been nothing short of exponential. There is no denying that a great many women have joined this sector in mainland China, although it must be acknowledged that this fact does not seem to have had a great impact in terms of positions of responsibility.

On the other hand, in Spain over the last 25 years, there has been a notable increase in the presence of women, with the new generations in the logistics-port sector. Many of them have jobs in activities that were traditionally male dominated (dockers, line handlers, etc.). Furthermore, in less traditional sectors such as cruises, technology, energy transition, mobility and innovation, this participation has increased significantly and, in many cases, women hold prominent positions of responsibility.

A good example of this development is Barcelona Port Authority (APB), which began to roll out equality policies in 2008 and launched an Equality Plan in 2010 that covers the entire organization with specific policies that include harassment protocols, standing equality committees, and the creation of a new key figure: the Equality Agent. At present, 33% of Barcelona Port Authority’s staff are women and 67% are men. In team managing roles, the figure is 29%. 30% of members of the Management Committee are women, a figure that rises to 36% in the Executive Committee. Today, in 2024, we are implementing the fifth equality plan, with more than 23 initiatives planned up to 2026. One of the most interesting mechanisms of the equality plan is the activation of a certain degree of positive discrimination in the selection processes. If there is a tie in the final score by several candidates, the candidate of the least represented gender in that position is chosen. This mechanism clearly acts to foster gender equality in certain jobs in the maritime port sector, where women are a clear minority.

Panoramic view of the Olympic Port and the city of Barcelona. (© Port de Barcelona, 2021).

These figures, which are positive for the APB, are also positive at sector level. According to the Port of Barcelona’s Sectoral Sustainability Plan (SSP), called “Positive Impact” and involving more than 115 companies out of the 500 companies comprising Barcelona Port Logistics Community, the number of women in the sector is gradually increasing as the years go by (we have gone from 34% in 2016 to 39% in 2022). Despite a certain shortage of historical data at sector level (the APB sector plan has existed for only five years) the figures that we do have confirm an increase in the presence of women on the boards of directors and management committees of the sector (more than 25% according to the 2022 SSP). Another very positive fact is that 70% of the companies in the Port Community that are part of the SSP have already defined and implemented anti-harassment protocols.

APM Terminal. (© Port de Barcelona, 2022).

Looking back, it is clear that the situation of women in the maritime field has advanced significantly over the last 25-30 years. The IMO (World Maritime Organization) launched its gender program more than three decades ago. This initiative has fostered both the training and incorporation of women into jobs in the maritime sector. Many organizations, including WISTA (Women’s International Shipping & Trading Association), have created spaces where the role of women in the maritime sector is analyzed and actively promoted, particularly generating networking to increase the presence of women in the sector. In other players in European port policy such as the European Sea Ports Organisation (ESPO), for example, today almost half of the staff involved in the multiple technical and executive committees are women (approximately 41%). Nonetheless, there is still a long way to go. According to IMO statistics, in 2019 women represented only 2% of the total 1.2 million workers in the global maritime sector. It should also be added that within this 2%, a full 94% of these women are concentrated in the cruise sector.

It is evident that as societies move towards gender equality and cultural and social barriers are broken down, new opportunities are opening up for women in the port sector. The rise in international trade in recent decades has had a positive impact on this movement. However, there is a risk that the very possible increase in protectionist pressures in the future will counteract some of the progress achieved in terms of gender equality.

As public entities, ports must increase their leadership by creating gender policies to enhance the presence of women in the sector. Furthermore, the new roles and activities that are developed in the sector (environment, port-city, innovation, etc.) favor the incorporation of women. Could it be because these “new roles” (“new” in the more traditionally port context) require profiles with the ability to move through different areas and sectors with a more all-embracing view and with more “soft skills”?

This is a view for which I do not believe we have empirical data today … but which does seems well aligned with the everyday reality we see.


HEAD IMAGE | Barcelona Europe South Terminal – BEST, the terminal of Hutchison Ports. (© Port de Barcelona, 2020).


REFERENCES

https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01832318/document/.

Wang, L., Zhu, Y., Ducruet, C., Bunel, M., & Lau, Y. Yip. (2018). From hierarchy to networking: the evolution of the “twenty-first-century Maritime Silk Road” container shipping system. Transport Reviews, 38(4), 416–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2018.1441923/.

El mar es también para las mujeres, Piernext: el blog de innovación portuaria del Port de Barcelona. https://piernext.portdebarcelona.cat/gobernanza/el-mar-tambien-es-para-las-mujeres-buscando-la-igualdad-en-el-ambito-portuario/.

https://www.imf.org/es/Publications/fandd/issues/2023/06/trade-drives-gender-equality-and-development-rocha-piermartini/.



Article reference for citation:

COBOS, Emma. “Women in the Logistics, Maritime and Port Sector: Why Not?…….Why Yes!”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 47 (June 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/women-in-the-logistics-maritime-and-port-sector-why-not-why-yes/

COBOS, Emma. “Las mujeres en el sector logístico, marítimo y portuario: ¿Por qué no?…….¡Por qué si!”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 47 (June 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/women-in-the-logistics-maritime-and-port-sector-why-not-why-yes/



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