The Rebirth of the Relationship between Palermo and its Waterfront: A Twenty-Year Urban Planning Story

8 Agosto, 2026

As this article recounts a long and complex story, it adopts a narrative device by beginning at the end – or, more precisely, from what currently represents the latest and most significant milestone in an ongoing process. It is a process whose future outcomes remain inherently unpredictable, as they will emerge from the interaction between the technical achievements of the project and the communities that inhabit and appropriate them.

It is a sweltering early summer afternoon in Palermo, and we feel the urge to see the sea. For many years, conference guests, friends visiting on holiday and occasional visitors would express exactly the same wish, often remarking: “We have been to Palermo many times, but we have never actually seen the sea”. At first sight, this may sound paradoxical for a city that was founded by the sea and has always owed its existence to it. Yet, for a long time, encountering the sea in Palermo was far from straightforward. Unless one travelled to Mondello or to one of the historic fishing villages for a promenade along the waterfront or a seafood lunch, the sea remained curiously distant. The port – with its shipyards, ferries and freight and passenger infrastructures – functioned as a vast logistical machine, physically and symbolically detached from the city, opaque in its operations and largely inaccessible to its inhabitants.

Today, however, on this scorching summer afternoon, we find ourselves in the heart of the city, standing by the sea in search not only of relief from the heat but also of beauty, wellbeing and public space – seeking the sense of wonder that urban places are sometimes able to inspire.
Behind us rises the Castello a Mare, brought back to light after decades of neglect. For many years, its remains had lain buried beneath a thick layer of concrete after the construction of the so-called Molo Trapezoidale had all but erased its memory, replacing remarkable archaeological traces with warehouses, sheds and fuel tanks. What was once an enclosed and inaccessible port infrastructure devoted exclusively to maritime operations has now become a complex public space animated by people, encounters, new perspectives and emerging forms of urban life.

As urban planners, we have had the rare privilege of witnessing an unusual event: seeing parts of an idea conceived twenty years ago – and incorporated into a master plan prepared in 2008 – finally materialise. To walk through an idea imagined many years earlier, translated into tangible spaces, rediscovered landscapes and places that have become part of everyday urban life, is one of the rare rewards that the discipline of planning occasionally grants its practitioners.
Urban plans unfold over long time horizons. They often follow subterranean trajectories, sometimes never resurfacing at all. They pass through different political administrations, encounter institutional obstacles, delays and shifting priorities. At times they remain little more than abandoned documents; at others they are distorted beyond recognition. Only rarely do they succeed in becoming real places capable of sustaining everyday life.

The landscape that unfolds before us today is therefore the materialisation of a vision patiently constructed over time. It is the outcome of a lengthy process of strategic thinking, spatial planning, detailed design and incremental implementation, shaped by debates and sometimes intense conflicts, but also by productive institutional alliances.
By reconstructing this twenty-year process through plans, institutional agreements, competition documents and implemented projects, this article addresses a question that extends well beyond the Palermo case itself: how can an urban vision survive political and institutional discontinuities, changes in government and conflicts between public authorities, eventually translating into physical transformation? As the article will demonstrate, the Palermo experience suggests an alternative trajectory to the waterfront regeneration models most frequently described in the literature, which typically rely on the progressive replacement of traditional port functions with tourism, leisure and real estate development.

A Long Urban Planning Story (and Perhaps a Heroic One)

In reality, this story begins much earlier. It started more than twenty years ago, when Palermo first began to question its relationship with the sea and the future of a waterfront that, rather than remaining a mere infrastructural edge, could once again become one of the city’s foremost public spaces. The ambition was to transform a port that had long functioned as an impermeable boundary – an efficient yet fragmented and inhospitable machine – into a driver of renewed economic vitality for both the city and the wider region.

What today appears entirely natural – walking along the waterfront, overlooking the Castello a Mare, enjoying a coffee, attending an open-air concert, and moving through spaces that seem always to have belonged to the city – is, in fact, the outcome of a long process of imagination, planning and design.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Palermo started to reconsider its relationship with the sea. This was not simply a matter of rethinking the port as an infrastructure, but of redefining the very boundary of the city. For decades, that boundary had functioned as a barrier: the port operated efficiently, yet maintained only a limited dialogue with Palermo; the sea was geographically close, yet experientially distant.

The first tangible sign of change came with the regeneration of the Foro Italico, the vast open space created from the rubble of the Second World War, which had advanced the coastline beyond the city’s historic walls. After the removal of the unsightly structures that had compromised its beauty and the successful establishment of a resilient green lawn, Italo Rota’s project – both subtle and powerful – transformed an urban void born of destruction and neglect into a major public space overlooking the sea. That remarkable and vividly coloured Green Sea demonstrated, for the first time, that the waterfront could once again become part of the city rather than merely serving as residual space belonging, both technically and legally, to the port infrastructure.
A few years later, this initial experience evolved into a broader strategic reflection. In 2006, the Port Workshop (Officina del Porto) was established as an ideas laboratory promoted by the Port Authority under the presidency of Antonio Bevilacqua. There, planners, scholars and young professionals began to formulate a new vision for the relationship between Palermo and its waterfront. This collaborative process produced the first design proposals, presented at the Venice Architecture Biennale through the first off-site pavilion ever organised in Palermo, within the international exhibition City-Port (Bruttomesso, ed., 2006). Building upon the cultural momentum generated by that exhibition, the new Port Master Plan (PRP) was subsequently prepared and presented in 2008 (Carta, 2025) (see following image).

The Port Master Plan of the Port of Palermo, approved in 2008. (Source: Port System Authority of the Western Sicily Sea, Port Master Plan 2008–2018, Plate 21).

Rather than being conceived as a conventional statutory planning instrument concerned primarily with regulation and conservation, the PRP was designed as a comprehensive urban vision, using the port as a synecdoche for the city as a whole. Its ambition was simple to express yet extraordinarily difficult to achieve: to give Palermo back to the sea, and the sea back to Palermo, through a mutually beneficial relationship in which both the city and the port could flourish through their renewed interaction.

From this vision emerged the concept of the “liquid city” (Carta & Ronsivalle, 2016). The port was no longer conceived as a separate enclave but as an integral component of the urban organism, a constitutive element capable of shaping not only the coastal strip but, potentially, the city as a whole. Rather than a threshold to be crossed, it was envisioned as a porous interface capable of connecting economies, cultures, mobility systems and public spaces. Within this framework, the waterfront was conceived as a differentiated system: some sections were intended to accommodate urban life and recreational boating; others to mediate the relationship between the city and passenger transport; and others still to remain dedicated to productive and commercial activities. The objective was not to impose a rigid functional zoning but to achieve a balanced coexistence of different functions and intensities of use within a single urban project. Over the following years, this conceptual and methodological vision – by then consolidated into a recognised scientific paradigm (Carta, La Greca, Ronsivalle & Lino, 2025) – began slowly to materialise.

Following a prolonged period of institutional deadlock, marked by a bitter conflict between the Port Authority and the Municipality of Palermo – stemming from a persistent political and institutional confrontation that prevented full recognition of the strategic significance of the Plan – the PRP was finally approved in 2018, paving the way for a comprehensive reconfiguration of the port area and the renewal of its functions. Soon afterwards, the regeneration of the Sant’Erasmo marina, the transformation of the Molo Trapezoidale into the new Palermo Marina Yachting, together with the projects for the cruise terminal, the hydrofoil terminal and the new urban interfaces along the central section of the port, became the most visible components of a much broader process: the gradual reconnection of the city with its waterfront (Carta, 2025; Lino, 2025).

Looking at these places today, it is easy to focus on the architecture, the public spaces and the newly accessible views of the sea. It is far more difficult to perceive the long temporal horizon that made them possible. Yet it is precisely within this extended timeframe – shaped by visions, plans, revisions, setbacks and achievements – that the true significance of Palermo’s waterfront renaissance can be understood.

The underlying premise of the Plan was straightforward: the port should no longer be regarded as an enclave detached from the city, but rather as one of its constitutive elements. Achieving this required acknowledging, first and foremost, that there was not one port but many. Along the waterfront coexisted highly differentiated functions, each characterised by distinct operational, spatial and symbolic requirements. From this awareness emerged the concept of a port articulated through three different modes of relationship with the city.
The first was the “liquid port”, the section most closely connected to urban life, devoted to recreational boating, culture, leisure and public space: a permeable port that could merge with the everyday experience of the city. The second was the “permeable port”, associated with passenger and cruise traffic, conceived as a space of exchange where openness to the city had to be reconciled with the operational and security requirements of port infrastructure. The third was the “rigid port”, dedicated to freight transport, logistics and shipbuilding, where efficiency, specialisation and operational safety required a greater degree of separation from urban uses.

Rather than offering a merely technical classification, this tripartite framework proposed a fundamentally different way of interpreting the waterfront: no longer as a line of separation, but as a sequence of differentiated relationships between the city, the port and the sea. On the one hand, the Plan sought to enhance the efficiency and competitiveness of the port within Mediterranean shipping networks; on the other, it aimed to return extensive stretches of the waterfront, long inaccessible to the public, to the everyday life of the city.

The Plan’s most significant innovation, however, lay not in the redistribution of port functions themselves but in redefining the city-port interface as the central object of planning. This interface was conceived as a porous band – sometimes narrow, sometimes extending deep into the urban fabric – structured through pedestrian routes, public spaces, visual corridors, terraces, places for social interaction and new connections across the waterfront. Rather than remaining residual land between two separate worlds, it was envisaged as a new urban landscape overlooking the sea, within which port activities and urban life could coexist without undermining one another.
This approach also gave rise to the proposal to identify the so-called “target areas”, located beyond the strict jurisdiction of the Port Authority yet crucial for reconnecting the port with the surrounding neighbourhoods. These included the Historic Centre; the mouth of the Oreto River together with the former Sant’Erasmo Locomotive Depot; the former Gasworks; Borgo Vecchio; the Ucciardone Prison and the Sampolo Fruit and Vegetable Market area; the former Tobacco Factory and the Acquasanta district; the Ospizio Marino and the Florio Tuna Factory; and finally, the former Arenella Chemical Plant and its surrounding neighbourhood (see following image).

The “Target Areas” and the “City-Port Interface Areas”. (Elaboration by the Authors).

The intention was to establish, through an agreement with the Municipality of Palermo for the adoption of the PRP, a strategic framework capable of guiding new urban regeneration projects in the areas surrounding the port, while entrusting their subsequent implementation to municipal planning instruments. However, these target areas were never incorporated into the city’s statutory planning framework. During the approval process conducted by the City Council in 2011, they were removed from the final agreement, largely as a consequence of the persistent political and institutional conflict that prevented full recognition of the strategic significance of the Plan. Interestingly, these same areas have once again become central to current debates during the preparation of Palermo’s new Municipal Urban Plan.
Following its approval in 2018, the PRP generated not only a series of physical transformations but also a profound shift in the way the city perceived itself. Palermo gradually ceased turning its back on the port and began once again to regard the sea as a collective urban space: a catalyst for regeneration and a driver of economic, social and cultural development.

Between the formulation of the vision and its physical implementation, however, lay a considerable temporal distance. In Palermo’s case, almost twenty years elapsed before the first substantial outcomes became visible. After regional approval of the Plan in 2018, and thanks to the renewed strategic impetus provided by the Western Sicily Sea Port Authority, a new season of concrete interventions began. These included the regeneration of the Sant’Erasmo marina, completed in 2019; the transformation of the Trapezoidal Wharf into Palermo Marina Yachting; the redevelopment projects for the cruise and hydrofoil terminals; and the redesign of the new urban interfaces along Via Crispi.
The redevelopment of the most sensitive section of the central waterfront was also supported by the international design competition launched by the Port Authority in January 2018, won by the Rome-based practice Valle 3.0. The proposals emerging from the competition played a decisive role in translating into an urban image the vision that, for many years, had remained confined to the drawings and strategies of the Master Plan.
It was at this point that the liquid city, long imagined within planning documents, finally began to take shape in physical space, becoming a tangible urban landscape experienced daily by residents and visitors alike. Today, construction of the new city–port interface is approaching completion, and its inauguration promises to further expand the opportunities for experiencing Palermo as a genuine waterfront city.

A Tangible Reclamation

And so, we arrive, almost full circle, at the place from which this story began: that early summer afternoon when we paused before the sea.

Today this place is known as Palermo Marina Yachting, but for generations it was simply the Molo TrapezoidalE – an enclosed port area occupied by warehouses, storage facilities and activities largely indifferent to urban life. As envisaged by the PRP for those interface areas characterised by a strong integration between urban and port spaces, this site became the subject of a dedicated Integrated Port Transformation Project (PITP) (see following image). These detailed plans were intended to develop the preliminary design of the functional, operational, structural, infrastructural, environmental and landscape components of the intervention, while also promoting design competitions capable of generating the dynamism and design innovation required for the most strategic sections of the waterfront.

The Integrated Port Transformation Project (PITP) for Palermo Marina Yachting. (Source: Port System Authority of the Western Sicily Sea, Integrated Port Transformation Project (PITP), 2019. Urban planning consultancy: Maurizio Carta, Barbara Lino, Cosimo Camarda).

It is here that the vision embodied in the Master Plan has found its clearest expression.
While work on other sections of the city-port interface is still underway, Palermo Marina Yachting already stands as tangible evidence of how the relationship between the city and the port can be fundamentally reimagined. It represents not merely an exercise in urban regeneration, but a profound transformation in the meaning of place, its spatial language and its patterns of use.

What strikes visitors today is the coexistence of multiple temporalities.
The Castello a Mare, hidden and almost forgotten for centuries, has once again become a defining feature of the urban landscape. The traces of the historic city coexist with new public spaces, contemporary architecture and functions associated with tourism, recreational boating and leisure. The port continues to perform its traditional maritime role, yet at the same time it has become part of the city itself, functioning not only as transport infrastructure but also as an infrastructure of everyday urban life.
Where fences and barriers once stood (see following image), there is now a sequence of promenades, squares, waterfront terraces and places for social interaction. The sea has re-entered the everyday experience of Palermo’s inhabitants, while the city has rediscovered its identity through its waterfront.

The Molo Trapezoidale area before the implementation of the Integrated Port Transformation Project (PITP). (Photo: Barbara Lino).

The project also liberated the Castello a Mare (see following images). from the buildings that had long obscured its presence, restoring to the city one of the most significant fragments of its historical heritage. Around the fortifications brought to light through archaeological excavations, water was reintroduced, symbolically reconstructing the original relationship between the fortress and the harbour. It was a simple yet remarkably powerful gesture, transforming an archaeological site into a new urban landscape.

The remains of the Castello a Mare (Photo: Maurizio Carta).

Today, Palermo Marina Yachting, inaugurated in October 2023 in the presence of the President of the Italian Republic, is far more than a regenerated public space. It has become a hinge connecting the historic city, the ancient harbour of La Cala, the cruise terminal and the marina. It is a place where memory and innovation, heritage and transformation, residents and visitors converge and interact (see following images).

Palermo Marina Yachting. (© Sandro Scalia, 2026).

Perhaps it is here that the concept of the liquid city finds its most compelling expression – not as an abstract theoretical construct, but as a lived urban experience. Here, the boundary between port and city becomes increasingly permeable; functions overlap and intertwine; and the sea ceases to be a distant backdrop, once again becoming an integral component of everyday urban life.

Statistics capture only part of this story: more than 40,000 square metres of public space returned to the city; over one billion euros invested across the entire port system; and more than one million cruise passengers passing through Palermo each year. Yet these figures fail to express what is perhaps the most significant achievement of all: Palermo has rediscovered the ability to look at, inhabit, smell, hear and ultimately experience its sea. After almost two decades of planning, design, competitions, construction and incremental transformation, the waterfront has once again become one of the places through which the city imagines its future.

This is by no means a completed process. Many interventions are still under construction, while others remain to be realised. Nevertheless, the path that has been set in motion has already produced an outcome that perhaps few had anticipated: it has restored among the city’s inhabitants the awareness that the port is far more than an infrastructure, and that the sea is far more than a distant horizon.

Thresholds and Continuities of Public Space Beyond Port Boundaries

The process of reconnecting the city with the sea does not end at the port. While the PRP redefined the relationship between Palermo and its central waterfront, in recent years the same vision has progressively expanded to encompass the city’s entire 26-kilometre coastline. This broader perspective is reflected in the initiatives promoted by the Municipality of Palermo, in the strategic visions underpinning both the new Municipal Urban Plan and the Maritime State Property Use Plan, and in the agreements signed in 2023 and 2025 between the Municipality and the Western Sicily Sea Port Authority for the integrated planning and management of the city-port interface areas. These agreements represent a significant step forward, as they transpose to the urban scale the principles that originally informed the Port Master Plan: the creation of permeable thresholds, the continuity of public spaces, institutional cooperation, and the integration of urban and port functions.

The coastline is therefore being progressively reinterpreted not as a sequence of isolated interventions but as a continuous urban structure capable of connecting the city’s principal areas of transformation, from the northern seaside neighbourhoods to the South Coast. Within this perspective, the waterfront becomes the new backbone of the contemporary city (Carta, 2025): a spatial framework in which urban regeneration, infrastructure, landscape, cultural heritage and emerging economic activities converge, reconnecting fragments that for decades had been planned and managed in isolation.

International scholarship on port waterfront regeneration has long demonstrated that city-port transformation processes tend to follow recurring trajectories, typically characterised by the gradual replacement of traditional port activities with tourism, leisure and recreational functions (Hoyle, 1989, 2000; Bruttomesso, ed., 2006). Other scholars have instead conceptualised the waterfront as an inherently ambiguous space, suspended between formal planning and informality, port jurisdiction and urban appropriation (Desfor & Laidley, 2011; Hein, 2021). Against this background, the Palermo experience differs significantly from many European waterfront regeneration projects because it has not been based on the abandonment of port activities nor on their simple conversion into leisure-oriented urban spaces. Rather, the strategy pursued through the PRP has been to preserve the functional complexity of the port while transforming the quality of its relationship with the city. The Plan’s innovation therefore lies not in altering the port’s essential functions but in constructing a differentiated city-port interface capable of reconciling operational efficiency, urban accessibility and the quality of public space. In this respect, Palermo offers an alternative model of waterfront regeneration, one in which port and city do not replace one another but instead learn to coexist within a new and dynamic equilibrium.

Conclusions and Lessons Learned

The story of Palermo’s waterfront demonstrates that urban regeneration cannot be understood as the mere aggregation of individual projects. What emerges most clearly is the enduring value of a vision capable of spanning time, adapting to institutional change and maintaining a coherent direction despite the discontinuities that inevitably accompany long-term processes of urban transformation.

If the Port Master Plan represented the decisive moment in redefining the relationship between the port and the city, the most recent phase appears to extend that same vision to the entire coastal system and to its emerging role as the new backbone of Palermo: a spatial structure capable of connecting a vast archipelago of urban places linked, in different ways, to the sea. The ongoing preparation of the new Municipal Urban Plan, together with the submission of the Maritime State Property Use Plan to the City Council, now offers the opportunity to approach the waterfront as a continuous territorial infrastructure, capable of integrating the diverse coastal landscapes, regeneration areas, public spaces, emerging economic activities and neighbourhoods that overlook the sea. From this perspective, urban planning and urban regeneration cease to be separate fields of action and instead become complementary instruments for constructing a shared vision of the city’s development, providing a coherent framework for both public and private investment while reducing the risk of fragmented interventions.

The long history of Palermo’s waterfront also conveys another important lesson. None of the transformations described in this article would have been possible without the capacity to build enduring alliances among public institutions, the Port Authority, local administrations, planners, economic actors and urban communities. Although financial resources were undoubtedly essential, they would not, by themselves, have been sufficient without leadership capable of sustaining the original vision and progressively translating it into programmes, projects and completed works. In this respect, public–private partnership should be understood not merely as a financing mechanism, but as one of the fundamental conditions through which planning is ultimately transformed into the built city.

Ultimately, the transformation of Palermo’s waterfront tells the story of a long process of collective construction, in which the relationship between the city and the port has been continuously redefined through negotiation, adaptation and cooperation among a wide range of actors. The city-port interface areas have served as the principal laboratory for this experimentation, demonstrating that it is often precisely within the most complex spaces that new forms of collaboration and shared visions are able to emerge.

This long experience suggests at least five broader lessons. First, a compelling vision may prove more resilient than any individual project. Second, when plans succeed in interpreting the deeper spatial structure of a city, they are capable of outlasting political administrations. Third, interfaces are often more generative than boundaries. Fourth, time should not be regarded as an external constraint upon planning but rather as one of its essential design materials. Finally, well-conceived infrastructure produces not only mobility but also public space, collective identity and new forms of urbanity.

The process is by no means complete. Many projects remain under construction, while new challenges continue to emerge, many of them concentrated along Palermo’s coastal corridor. Nevertheless, its most significant achievement is already apparent: Palermo has rediscovered the sea as an integral component of its urban identity and the waterfront as one of the principal spaces through which to imagine its future.

Perhaps this is the most important achievement of the long story recounted in these pages. It also represents the highest responsibility of urban planning: not simply to design new spaces, but to rebuild enduring relationships between places, institutions and communities. For a city truly rediscovers its future only when it is once again able to recognise itself in the places it inhabits.


HEAD IMAGE | Palermo Marina Yachting. (© Sandro Scalia, 2026).


NOTES

[1] The Port Master Plan (PRP) was commissioned by the Port Authority in 2008 under the presidency of Nino Bevilacqua, with Maurizio Carta acting as the urban planning consultant. Barbara Lino and Cosimo Camarda were members of the planning team and contributed to the development of the plan’s urban planning framework. Since the authors of this article were directly involved in preparing the PRP, the assessment presented here may inevitably be perceived as lacking critical distance. The authors therefore rely on their academic integrity and invite readers to assess independently the validity of the arguments and interpretations advanced in this article.

[2] The preparation of the detailed plan for the Molo Trapezoidale, developed by Maurizio Carta together with Barbara Lino and Cosimo Camarda on behalf of the Western Sicily Sea Port Authority (AdSP), began in 2019 with the objective of updating the original planning vision to respond to the changing needs and conditions of both the port and the city. The architectural design was subsequently developed by the AdSP Technical Office with the consultancy of the architectural practice of Sebastiano Provenzano.


REFERENCES



Article reference for citation:

CARTA, Maurizio, LINO, Barbara and Cosimo CAMARDA. “La rinascita del rapporto tra Palermo e il suo waterfront: una storia urbanistica lunga vent'anni”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 51 (August 2026). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/the-rebirth-of-the-relationship-between-palermo-and-its-waterfront-a-twenty-year-urban-planning-story/

CARTA, Maurizio, LINO, Barbara and Cosimo CAMARDA. “The Rebirth of the Relationship between Palermo and its Waterfront: A Twenty-Year Urban Planning Story”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 51 (August 2026). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/the-rebirth-of-the-relationship-between-palermo-and-its-waterfront-a-twenty-year-urban-planning-story/