Palazzo Biscari Overlooking the Sea Terrace of Catania

14 Giugno, 2024

The Palace of the Princes of Biscari, along with the Monastery of San Nicolò l’Arena, is one of the largest 18th-century buildings in Catania. It stands on a segment of the city’s 16th-century walls, on which, shortly after the 1693 earthquake, Ignazio Paternò Castello, the 3rd Prince of Biscari (d. 1699), obtained permission to elevate the palace from the general lieutenant Giuseppe Lanza, Duke of Camastra. The Duke was the architect of Catania’s reconstruction, sent by King Charles II of Spain from the House of Habsburg. The palace housed a museum of archaeology, numismatics, and natural sciences, founded for the “studiosorum commodo” by Ignazio Paternò Castello, the 5th Prince of Biscari, in 1758. It became a destination for numerous travelers and intellectuals from all over Europe. The palace, featuring late Baroque style on the sea-facing terrace and neoclassical style with tall columns on the east side, reflects the Austrian taste that permeated the court during the time of Maria Carolina, daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria and wife of King Ferdinand IV of Bourbon, in its interior rooms.

The exterior facade of the palace, its richest front, faces the sea. (Photo: Personal archive of Lorenzo Moncada).

The halls house a picture gallery and large Neapolitan vistas (Eustachio Pesci, 1776). The main hall (known as the “Orchestra Hall”) is a true auditorium with an oval layout and remarkable acoustics. Musicians sit along a large, high circular balcony situated between the ceiling and the floor. Palazzo Biscari prides itself on having been a destination for eminent figures, including J.W. Goethe, scientists, philosophers, travelers, artists, and representatives of the European and Italian Enlightenment (Danes, English, Germans, French, Poles). Cultural connections, exchanges of experiences, and archaeological and naturalistic gifts were established in these rooms. Prince Ignazio was a corresponding member of the renowned Society of Antiquaries of London, founded in 1718, and corresponded with Sir Thomas Hollis, a patron of Canaletto; Francesco Milizia, a noted Enlightenment figure from Apulia, who mentions him among Italian architects; and Abbot Domenico Sestini, historian and numismatist of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who was a long-time guest of Prince Ignazio.
It fills the descendants with pride that everyone praises not only the culture but also the courtesy and hospitality of the hosts, who, in the last quarter of the 18th century, were full members of the European cultural community. The museum was donated by the family to the Municipality of Catania in 1934. Today it is housed in the Ursino Castle.

The main hall of Palazzo Biscari, known as the “Orchestra Hall.” (Photo: Personal archive of Lorenzo Moncada).

Abundance, Prosperity, Fertility, and Wisdom are the themes depicted in the allegorical groups of decorations on the exterior facade of the palace, its richest front facing the sea. Built in 1707 and constructed on the 16th-century walls of Charles V, it appears as the gateway to the city for those arriving from the sea. Its favorable position on the old city port naturally led to its evolution as a cultural, social, and logistical center for the family; the warehouses facing the pier made it easy to store goods that, produced far away, were transported to the city by sea.

The vision of the balconies and pilasters in white Syracuse stone emerging from the black lava base with decorations of flowers, putti, fauns, and telamons is striking. The facade is composed of seven large windows enclosing sculptures and well-crafted decorations in the Sicilian Baroque style. The facade on Via Museo Biscari has no relief except for the portal, remarkable for its size and richness, “assembled” at the beginning of the 1700s and bearing the arms of Vincenzo IV, the prince. From here, one enters the vast courtyard, once rich with trees, flower beds, and pergolas, now bare; opposite the gate is the important double staircase that ascends to the large hall where the canvases illustrating the Biscari estates are displayed. From there, one moves into the Green Room, rich with paintings and overdoors, with a beautiful terracotta floor with white Syracuse stone inlays.
The next Red Room houses large portraits of prominent members of the Biscari House and other large canvases. Landscapes, replicas of famous paintings (including one by Luca Giordano), and historical subject paintings…

From here, one enters the large hall known as the “Orchestra Hall,” a singular example of Neapolitan Rococo. Large overdoors with views of the capital of the Kingdom, Naples, its Gulf, Vesuvius, and the surroundings adorn it. The fresco on the ceiling, the Council of the Gods, celebrates the glory of the Biscari house.
A significant architectural solution, the vault houses at its apex a large balcony that follows the oval contour of the hall and once hosted musicians. The balcony is bordered by a railing that held candles and music scores. In the 18th century, music was cultivated by great families who often had notable masters in their employ.
Musicians took their places here, barely visible to those below. It is accessed via a staircase decorated with stucco (which Prince Ignazio called “cloud ribbon”) within the large gallery overlooking the marina.

Mirrors, white doors, and the gleaming floor accompany large mirrors placed on two fireplaces, each in a niche, which, when lit, with their reflected light, evoke the fire, whose god, Vulcan, peers from the ceiling fresco in the allusive world of Rococo.
Materials and supplies were often chosen from those that could most easily travel by sea to be favorably landed directly at the foot of the building under construction.

The Private Apartments

Adjacent to the halls is a small suite, the private apartments of the hosts, which includes a room lined with rosewood boiserie and a “commesso” floor obtained by assembling Roman marble fragments according to 18th-century taste. Boiseries, inlays, mirrors, frescoes, porcelains, and chinoiseries are found in the rooms of the first-floor apartment, which houses the Galleria degli Uccelli and the Stanza di Don Chisciotte. The gallery, rich with mirrors and once dotted with small, diaphanous porcelains, features a floor of ceramic tiles (which archival documents call “vìsole”). The panels and doors present a display of various bird species, accompanied by fluttering cartouches bearing their scientific names. In the boiserie of the Stanza di Don Chisciotte, paintings (by an unknown artist) illustrating the exploits of the hidalgo, based on drawings by Charles Coypel, a French painter who created preparatory cartoons for tapestries of this subject commissioned by Charles III of Bourbon (King of the Two Sicilies from 1734 to 1759) for the Royal Palace of Caserta, are inserted.

Architetti e artisti

The architects called to build the palace were Alonzo Di Benedetto, for the oldest part; Girolamo Palazzotto and Francesco and Antonino Battaglia for the eastward expansion and museum spaces. Among the artists involved were the Messina sculptor Antonino Amato for the decoration of the seven splendid windows overlooking the marina and Giovanbattista Piparo for some frescoes. Mirrors, stuccoes, and other frescoes are by Matteo Desiderato; the ceiling fresco is by Sebastiano Lo Monaco.
The overdoors in the orchestra hall are the work of Eustachio Pesci, who dedicated an engraving to Ignazio Biscari.

The staircase decorated with stucco “cloud ribbon” within the gallery overlooking the marina. (Photo: Personal archive of Lorenzo Moncada).

The Collections of the Princes of Biscari

The large halls, adorned with columns and arranged around two courtyards, housed fine collections of coins, medals, engraved gems, ancient cameos, and worked ambers, drawings, prints, and armor, remembered and praised in the diaries of the numerous scholars from all over Europe who came to visit in the 18th century. Goethe is perhaps the most famous, but fifty years before him, eminent visitors from all over Europe (Denmark, Russia, Germany, Poland, Spain, France, England) and from all Italian states (Kingdom of Sardinia, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Papal States) had already come. Most of the collections gathered in the Prince of Biscari Museum were donated in 1934 to the Municipality of Catania and transferred to the Civic Museum of Ursino Castle, where they are partially exhibited.

View of the city and port of Catania, with Mount Etna in the background, painting by Louis Jean Desprez. (Photo: Personal archive of Lorenzo Moncada).

Today

The palace is still inhabited by the descendants of the family, and its halls are used for events and cultural activities, exhibitions, conferences, conventions, and concerts.


HEAD IMAGE | Palazzo Biscari with a view of the marina arches. (Photo: Personal archive of Lorenzo Moncada).



Article reference for citation:

COSTANZO, Roberto. “Palazzo Biscari Overlooking the Sea Terrace of Catania”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 47 (June 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/palazzo-biscari-overlooking-the-sea-terrace-of-catania/

COSTANZO, Roberto. “Palazzo Biscari affacciato sulla terrazza a mare di Catania”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 47 (June 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/palazzo-biscari-overlooking-the-sea-terrace-of-catania/



error: Content is protected !!