Territory dynamics. Nature Based Solutions – New definitions of thousand-year-old good practices

14 Giugno, 2024

Etna’s Impact: Catania’s Ever-Changing Landscape

Catania is located at the foot of Etna Volcano with its landscape, history, colors, and economic fortunes intricately linked to the volcano’s activity. Over time, Etna’s lava flows have repeatedly reached the city, reshaping its geography by modifying coastlines and transforming landforms. For example, the Rotolo lava filled the Gulf of Ognina, reducing the city’s once-grand Roman port to a small bay. Similarly, the lava flows of 1669 formed the new land of the present San Cristoforo district and reshaped the coastline to host Catania’s modern port.

In addition to lava, earthquakes – though not exclusively linked to Etna [1] – have significantly influenced Catania’s development, by determining periods of growth to periods of decline as result of the occurrence of natural catastrophes.

Geological map of Etna from which it is possible to view the effects of eruptions and lava flows on the city of Catania and its waterfront. (Source: Elaboration by https://www.meteoweb.eu/2021/01/eruzioni-epoca-storica-etna/1536791/).

A walk through the city reveals visible evidence of these this constantly changing territory: flat areas suddenly give way to steep slopes, a result of both lava deposition and the accumulation of earthquake-damaged structures. While much of the visible cityscape reflects the Baroque era, it’s not uncommon to discover Roman and medieval structures emerging two or three floors below ground level (for example in the Benedictine Monastery, the theatre in piazza Stesicoro), and remarkably, the Ursino Castle, originally constructed as a coastal fortress the castle’s towers were uncovered from beneath a lava flow just a few years ago.

Even the city’s original hydrographic network is now largely hidden and buried beneath layers of lava and/or rest of the earthquakes ruins. Rivers like the Amenano and Longane, once integral to Catania’s identity, now flow underground through cavity, ancient lava tubes and sewers. Similarly, Lake Nicito, disappeared overnight, probably due to a cavity opening.

Although the described lava flows did not affect the area where the city’s current port stands, they indirectly influenced its development. In fact, the lava flow (1669) redefined the Gulf, making it more morphologically closed and thus less subject to the destructive action of currents and storm surges (several times at the turn of the 15th and 19th centuries history reported its destruction). Together with the lava, a few years after the earthquake (1693 – offers endless cubic meters of landfill material) and then the ambitious beginning of the Borbonic period (1734) are the 3 elements that contribute to the reconstruction of the harbor in the closer (similar) version to how we know it now (refilling also with landfill material the construction of the breakwater).

However (and I am sorry to let you down), the affirmation of the city’s port as an important port of eastern Sicily occurs only around the 1910s, following (due/thanks) the terrible earthquake that on a cold December morning in 1908 razed Messina to the ground, wiping out forever the millennial port that was Greek/Roman/Angevin/Habsburg/Bourbon/etc.

The areas areas of Catania affected by the lava flows in the 1669. (Source: Screenshot of the video made by ETNA 1669 – Places and consequences (eruption documentary – second part) edited by Antonio De Luca).

Associated with the more or less awareness of the risks of living in a volcanic-earthquake area are also great opportunities: the fertility of the soils, the many different volcanic products that since ancient times have offered building materials and developed productive activities of mining, processing and transformation, joined in the specific case of the city of Catania to the proximity to the sea [2].

It’s evident that such a fast and dynamic context, where geology transitions into history, serves as an ideal training ground for planning, implementing, monitoring, and assessing the impacts of Nature Based Solutions (NBS) initiatives, and for testing multiple initiatives aimed at mitigating various risks and multiple hazard such as volcanic activity, earthquakes, even coastal dynamics.

Nature Based Solutions: A Definition

According to European Union’s definition, Nature Based Solutions (NBS) aim to address global challenges by either utilizing or emulating natural processes.

Grouped under the NBS umbrella, we find the obviously sustainable and ‘long term impact’ environmental practices now suggested by all strategic and action plans as a means to achieve the praised “environmental GOALS” [3]. So, NBS are key elements of the Green Deal, of the strategic policy documents on climate change and biodiversity strategies, green and blue economy; increasingly mainstreamed in research and innovation programs; and are also integral into disaster risk reduction strategies [4], emphasizing the augmentation of ecosystem services across urban, rural, coastal, and natural domains as a “positive, effective, and cost-reduced approach”.

NBS terms have become commonplace, often being used quite literally. However, it’s essential to remember that behind each of these terms lie concepts, best practices (ancient and modern), studies and analyses developed in two decades of international conventions [5], COPs and resulting protocols, agreements, roadmaps [6]; environmental activism, global funding mechanisms [7].

Ancient Wisdom in Nature Based Approaches

Are NBS modern practices? In the Etna territory, Nature Based Solutions have been implemented in agriculture since ancient times. Almost 1000 years ago, the Arabs practiced sophisticated “smart agriculture” in Sicily, incorporating the true “sustainable water management” techniques. They introduced advanced solutions tailored to the island’s Mediterranean climate, such as the so-called “Saie” – small reservoir areas that mitigate rapid runoff and combat waste. Other practices included the use of terraces, crucial for the rugged landscapes of Mount Etna, aiding in water retention and soil erosion prevention. Crop rotation was also employed, recognized today as the most effective method to counteract biodiversity loss caused by intensive monocultures.

Furthermore, the Arabs introduced “community-based water management”, a forerunner to modern participatory water governance models. This approach empowered communities to manage water distribution, and is now embraced by environmental programs worldwide.

These ancient water management techniques in agriculture would now demonstrate negligible environmental impact, if assessed in accordance with the latest European standards, due to their undisputed characteristics of sustainability and resilience. Sustainability in facilitating agricultural production (without exploiting resource), resilience in terraces and “Saie” still endure today, and promoting and ecosystem conservation in crop rotation and smart agriculture practices; as well as aligning with contemporary participatory governance models emphasizing community engagement.

Further examples of Nature Based Solutions are evident in the use of lava stones both in urban and rural traditional “architecture”. The present-day historic center of the city incorporates remnants of ancient buildings razed by the earthquake, intertwined with sizable lava blocks stacked layer upon layer (using their natural roughness) as well as in rural areas the same overlapping technique, characterizing the neighboring landscapes. Even in this context, an Environmental Impact Assessment (or even LCA Life Cycle Assessment) conducted through a modern EU lens would underscore their durability, longevity, and weather resistance, beyond a 0 footprint due to NO transport-related carbon emissions.

Although the seismic performance may not perfectly conform to current seismic regulations, there is ample scope for reassessment and enhancement this solutions in light of current knowledge.

Towards a Greener Future: Challenges and Hopes for Catania’s Development

In Catania (and not just there!), ancient virtuous practices have largely been forsaken/abandoned over the past fifty years in favor of uncontrolled and violent development, marked by rampant cementing without any idea of land use planning, marked by insane land consumption without precedent for the rapidity with which it has occurred. The present reality is a city susceptible to flooding (during the heavy rainfall event), a city’s coastal areas facing erosion and degradation due to human activities, join to a densely urbanized and cemented cityscape lacking in crucial open spaces clearly unfit to cope (which is evidently ill-equipped) as it lacks open spaces, escape routes, empty areas, crucial to ensure public safety in an high seismic and volcanic risk area. More, the catalog of unsustainable practices is long, with significant environmental impacts resulting in very high costs to the community.

Yet, by returning key concepts behind NBS such as respect for the environment, balance (human-environment) sustainability, and resilient, it could be possible to implement a wide array of NBS initiatives in this city, owing to its rich and dynamic natural environment. What if the vision for the future outlined in policy documents could actually become a reality?


HEAD IMAGE | The Old Port Catania and the Etna volcan in the background. (Photo: Elena Cocuzza).


NOTES

[1] Catania is situated within an active geodynamic setting, marked by the structural interaction between the African Plate and the transitional zone of the Eurasian Plate. This intersection gave rise to the volcanic edifice of Mount Etna, making Catania vulnerable to seismic activity from both Etna and the Iblean region.
[2] The volcanic soils surrounding Catania, enriched with minerals and nutrients, are renowned for their fertility. Those characteristics was well-known to the Greeks and Romans, who established their cities beneath the volcano.
[3] Listed in SDGs Sustainable Development Goals – Paris Agreement (2015) and agenda 2030.
[4] (Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030).
[5] UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNCCD: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Ramsar: Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
[6] COP as Conference of the Parties (supreme bodies of the conventions) with its governing bodies, CMD Clean Development Mechanism as governing body of the Kyoto Protocol, CDA as governing body of the Paris Agreements.
[7] From CDM Clean Development Mechanism (the first global, environmental investment and credit scheme), GEF Global Environment Facility – GCF Green Climate Fund, AF – adaptation fund etc.



Article reference for citation:

FERLITO, Letizia. “Territory dynamics. Nature Based Solutions - New definitions of thousand-year-old good practices”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 47 (June 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/territory-dynamics-nature-based-solutions-new-definitions-of-thousand-year-old-good-practices/

FERLITO, Letizia. “Dinamiche del territorio. Nature Based Solutions - Nuove definizioni di millenarie buone pratiche”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 47 (June 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/territory-dynamics-nature-based-solutions-new-definitions-of-thousand-year-old-good-practices/



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