Growth of Female Work in Artisanal Fishing: Challenges of the Chilean Experience

10 Giugno, 2024

Over the last 20 years in Chile, a country with 6,435 km of coastline [5], artisanal fishing has evolved from a traditional, locally-focused activity with minimum use of technology and a limited contribution to the national economy, to a sector of territorial, regional, and national importance, even transcending its resources to international markets and playing an increasingly significant role in the management of fishery resources [4].

The volume of fishery resources has grown by 6.2% in the last decade, representing 32.7% of the country’s total [4], making this sector a strategic actor for economic development, not only in coastal communities but also for the entire country. In the last two years, this production increase has been even more pronounced, with the total landing registered for 2022 reaching 1,710,983 tons, 9% higher than in 2021 [1].

This growth has also been accompanied by an increase in the number of people engaged in this activity: while in 2012 the Artisanal Fishing Registry of the National Fisheries and Aquaculture Service, under the Ministry of Economy, counted a total of 89,680 fishermen, of which 22% (19,614) were women [3]. Today the same measurement includes 100,117 registered individuals, were 25% (25,378) are women [1].

Chilean fisherwoman. (Fuente: www.subpesca.cl).

It is worth mentioning that, among the different primary occupations that make up the artisanal fishing sector, such as seaweed collectors, boat owners, divers, fishermen, among others, women have a significant presence in all of them, with their employability being more predominant among seaweed collectors and fishermen [2] [1] [3]. Additionally, in coastal communities, women engage in related activities, including processing, smoking, salting, shucking, and net weaving [1].

Activities related to artisanal fishing. Seaweed drying. (Source: www.subpesca.cl/).

Given this sustained growth in the sector and in female employment it provides, the Chilean government, through the Direction of Port Works (Dirección de Obras Portuarias – DOP), a service under the Ministry of Public Works, has made every effort to provide coastal infrastructure services that not only meet the best standards of quality, safety, and hygiene but also consider the needs of the women working there. This is to promote female employment and facilitate the reconciliation of work with family life, as well as to guarantee optimal conditions for the work they perform in the coves.

In this regard, the Directorate of Port Works has diagnosed that the artisanal fishing sector has been focused primarily on men in both the management and design of the coves. This is because many of them do not have sanitary facilities for women, and do not have the appropriate infrastructure conditions for the work they perform or spaces designated for women’s activities, such as breastfeeding.

With the challenge of a productive sector that is becoming increasingly larger and more relevant to the national economy, and to which more and more women are gaining access, but which is not adapted to female work, the DOP has joined the “Chile para Todas” Plan. This is the Plan of President Gabriel Boric’s government that seeks to dignify the daily life of women in Chile through a comprehensive agenda [7].

To this end, the DOP has developed a measure aimed at implementing gender-focused port infrastructure in 12 artisanal fishing coves distributed in five regions of the country [8]. These coves have a space designed especially for women, so that they have a suitable place for the development of their activity and can protect themselves from the climatic conditions when they carry out their work inside the coves. Thus, these works are intended to provide spatial, hygienic, and sanitary conditions adequate to enhance the development and visibility of the activities carried out by women, aiming to promote the empowerment and economic autonomy of women in fishing. In this way, the designs for these works incorporate elements such as bathrooms, changing rooms, sheds, dressing rooms, nurseries for children, as well as spaces designated for activities carried out by women, such as processing, net repair, algae drying, among others.

Group of women fishers and related activities. (Source: www.subpesca.cl/).

For the related activities carried out in the coves, this mission is particularly relevant, as in some cases the role of women in these activities corresponds to a heritage value. This is because these activities correspond to traditional trades whose techniques have been passed down from generation to generation and have become ancestral knowledge for the localities where they are practiced.

To this end, however, the entire Ministry of Public Works has also joined, which, along with its various departments, has taken on the task entrusted by the President to advance gender equality. This is commented on by the General Director of Public Works, Boris Olguín: “In President Boric’s government, we have the challenge of addressing gender gaps, which is why from the General Directorate of Public Works we are working to construct projects that seek social integration with a clear focus on women, whether in airports, roads, public buildings, and also in fishing coves and coastal promenades. As a Ministry, we have a whole line of work to incorporate the gender perspective, which starts with consultations and citizen participation carried out in each locality, where the needs and challenges of its inhabitants are gathered, to then translate them into the construction of artisanal fishing coves. We are working hard on the commitment to ‘Chile para Todas’ Plan, because we are convinced that it is the only way to build a better country”.

Regarding fishing coves with a gender perspective, for the National Director of the Direction of Port Works, Ricardo Trigo, these are fundamental for the economic development of the places where they are located. “These are projects that seek to democratize artisanal fishing as a productive activity, as they are intended to enhance the work of all those who live around this activity. These coves, by providing what we understand as basic conditions, such as bathrooms, changing rooms, sheds, dressing rooms, nurseries for children, and areas for specific tasks, such as net repairs or seaweed drying, aim to provide hygienic and sanitary conditions with adequate spaces so that women in fishing can carry out their tasks with good quality”.

In the design of this measure, the DOP has established relationships with various civil society entities, and has held exchanges with citizens and fisherwomen’s organizations to understand their needs and incorporate solutions to these needs into the designs of the coves.

In total, it is estimated that the twelve coves, which will be located throughout Chile and in localities with different geographical and climatic characteristics, will benefit 784 fisherwomen and 300 people engaged in related activities, mainly women. The indirectly benefited, meanwhile, amount to 400 thousand people.

Women in activities related to artisanal fishing. Shelling of mollusks. (Source: www.subpesca.cl/).

Another relevant factor that threatens work in the coves in general and, particularly, impacts more on women is the climate crisis. According to the United Nations, “the discrimination they still suffer at the socio-economic level intensifies the consequences that global warming is having on their food, home, and livelihoods” [6]. In this way, women living and working on the coast are no exception, as they live with climatic events such as swells, sea level rise, and changes in marine fauna that they later collect or fish, depending on their occupation.

In this line, the DOP considers in its works the adaptation and mitigation to the effects of the climate crisis and seeks to protect coastal communities from adverse climatic phenomena, as well as productive sectors that would be affected. Thus, attending to the changing conditions of a productive sector that is growing and opening the door to female work, the Directorate of Port Works seeks to provide infrastructure works that can enhance the economic development of the localities where they are located and guarantee that they are functional for both women and men, as well as providing protection to the communities against the climate crisis.

In summary, the rise of artisanal fishing in Chile has transformed a previously local and traditional sector into a national and territorial economic engine, with sustained growth in landings and employment, especially for women. However, port infrastructure has not evolved at the same pace, revealing deficiencies for female workers. The “Chile para Todas” Plan and the DOP initiative aims to correct these gaps, with works adapted to women’s needs, promoting their empowerment, and ensuring adequate working conditions. These actions not only benefit female fishermen and related activities but also strengthen the resilience of coastal communities against the challenges of the climate crisis. Thus, through an inclusive and sustainable approach, economic and social development in Chile can be enhanced, ensuring that no one is left behind in this transformation process.

Fisherwomen collecting from the shore. (Source: www.subpesca.cl/).


HEAD IMAGE | Artisanal fishing cove of Tongoy, Coquimbo region, Chile. (Source: www.subpesca.cl/).


NOTES

[1] Statistics on the artisanal fishing industry (2022): https://www.sernapesca.cl/app/uploads/2023/09/2022_030201_subsector_artesanal_v20220905.pdf/.
[2] Statistics on the artisanal fishing industry (2017): https://www.sernapesca.cl/app/uploads/2023/11/subsector_artesanal_2017-1.pdf/.
[3] Statistics on the artisanal fishing industry (2012): https://www.sernapesca.cl/app/uploads/2023/11/2012_subsector_artesanal_0.pdf/.
[4] Information about the current state of the artisanal fishing industry in Chile: https://www.subpesca.cl/portal/616/w3-article-645.html/.
[5]https://www.gob.cl/nuestropais/#:~:text=Chile%20tiene%20una%20costa%20de,espacio%20mar%C3%ADtimo%2C%20llamado%20Mar%20chileno/.
[6]https://news.un.org/es/story/2020/06/1475742/
[7] Information about the “Chile para Todas” Plan: https://www.gob.cl/chileparatodas/.
[8] Information about the 12 gender inclusive fishing coves: https://minmujeryeg.gob.cl/?p=49596#/.


REFERENCES

Subsector pesquero artesanal (2012), Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura, Valparaíso, Chile.

Subsector pesquero artesanal (2017), Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura, Valparaíso, Chile.

Subsector pesquero artesanal (2022), Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura, Valparaíso, Chile.

“La desigualdad de género le da ventaja al cambio climático”, Noticias ONU, 9 junio 2020, https://news.un.org/es/story/2020/06/1475742/.

“Chile para Todas”, Gobierno de Chile, https://www.gob.cl/chileparatodas/.

“Ministra de la Mujer y Equidad de Género dialogó con mujeres de la pesca artisanal y actividades conexas en Caleta Los Molinos en Valdivia”, Ministerio de la Mujer y la Equidad de Género, 21 febrero 2023, https://minmujeryeg.gob.cl/?p=49596#/.



Article reference for citation:

IRELAND ASTUDILLO, Lilian, MARÍN RIVERO, Carola, GONZÁLEZ MAC-CONELL, Felipe, OLGUÍN MORALES, Boris and Ricardo TRIGO PAVEZ. “Growth of Female Work in Artisanal Fishing: Challenges of the Chilean Experience”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 47 (June 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/growth-of-female-work-in-artisanal-fishing-challenges-of-the-chilean-experience/

IRELAND ASTUDILLO, Lilian, MARÍN RIVERO, Carola, GONZÁLEZ MAC-CONELL, Felipe, OLGUÍN MORALES, Boris and Ricardo TRIGO PAVEZ. “Crecimiento del Trabajo Femenino en la Pesca Artesanal: Desafíos de la Experiencia Chilena”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 47 (June 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/growth-of-female-work-in-artisanal-fishing-challenges-of-the-chilean-experience/



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