Rivers, Cities and People
Social Challenges of Urban Waterfront Development in Asia

19 Dicembre, 2025

The publication offers a comprehensive analysis of recent river restoration and development initiatives aimed at making Asian cities more resilient, inclusive, and less polluted. As cities across the continent strive for modernization, riverfront projects have become central to urban agendas. Through an interdisciplinary lens, this volume argues that such initiatives often prioritize aesthetic and environmental goals at the expense of social equity, leading in many cases to systemic exclusion and the violation of international housing rights.

The book examines high-profile cases from Asian megacities—such as Lahore, Dhaka, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Bangkok, and Manila—as well as secondary cities in India. While touching on the technical, ecological, and recreational aspects of urban riverscapes, every chapter contributes to the exploration of how restoration is entwined with questions of urban citizenship, vulnerability, the use of common property resources, health, and food security.

The book is structured into two distinct parts: the first offers a broad comparative analysis of similar social challenges across diverse Asian cities, while the second provides a focused examination of river restoration and waterfront development specifically in Chennai.

The volume unfolds through a series of contributions that scrutinize specific urban contexts, summarized to highlight the approach and unique findings of the authors.


In the “Introduction”, Banashree Banerjee and Maartje van Eerd establish the theoretical and practical foundations of the volume by reviewing existing literature on urban river restoration. They identify critical knowledge gaps regarding the social dimensions of waterfront development, effectively positioning the subsequent contributions within a broader global perspective on urban inclusion and resilience.

In the chapterThe Promise of One Safe Future for the Oplan Likas Resettled Families of Metro Manila”, Melissa Quetulio-Navarra evaluates the “Oplan Likas” resettlement program in Metro Manila, a climate change adaptation measure affecting over 11,000 families living along waterways. The study reveals that the initiative failed to provide the promised “One Safe Future,” instead diminishing the economic and psychological well-being of displaced residents. While social preparation was merely tokenistic, the lack of basic services and poor construction in off-site locations caused irreversible damage, particularly to children. Ultimately, the author critiques the current top-down framework and advocates for a transition toward community-led housing modalities to ensure a truly secure and dignified future for informal settlers.

Paul Rabé and Kittima Leeruttanawisut analyze the evolution of Bangkok from its origins as the “Venice of the East” to a 20th-century urban model that prioritized road infrastructure over its natural network of canals. This transition led to the filling of most klongs to favor land development, but more recently, the city has seen a tentative revaluation of its water spaces through restoration and cleanup projects. Driven by a mix of middle-class aspirations and city beautification policies, these initiatives are examined in the contribution “A Tale of Two Cities: Restoration of Bangkok’s Waterways in a Post-Amphibious Setting“. The authors investigate whether this resuscitation of the canal system signals a profound environmental and social transformation or merely a superficial change in how water is valorized in relationship to modern urban communities.

Bhuvaneswari Raman examines the environmental and social consequences of urbanization in three non-metropolitan contexts in Tamil Nadu, focusing on the degradation of water sources and its impact on various users. The chapter “Social and Environmental Impacts of Urbanization in Indian Non-Metros: Evidence from Tamil Nadu” critiques contemporary state practices that prioritize land as an economic asset for wealth extraction and real estate speculation, often overlooking water conservation and equitable distribution. Raman argues for the necessity of managing land and water as a unified system, concluding that despite the theoretical recognition of ecological planning, there remains a significant gap in translating these principles into practice.

Kirtee Shah and Keya Kunte offer a critical retrospective on the Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project (SRFD) in Ahmedabad, which transformed a polluted river into a focal point for urban regeneration and environmental improvement. While the project successfully created much-needed civic spaces, the authors highlight in the chapter “Learning from Urban Riverfront Development: Revisiting the Sabarmati Model” the significant social costs associated with “worlding” Ahmedabad, including the well-documented eviction of long-term residents and the displacement of a 600-year-old traditional market. Despite emerging socio-ecological concerns, the SRFD model is being mirrored in public projects across India. By historicizing the process, this essay analyzes the balance of social costs and benefits, offering preliminary suggestions to preserve the truly “public” nature of the project as it enters its second phase of implementation.

Rabia Ezdi and Mishele Ijaz explore the intrinsic relationship between the River Ravi and the historic communities of Lahore and Sharaqpur, positing that dwelling is a collaborative process between nature and human agency. Despite decades of degradation due to unregulated urbanization, the river remains a vital provider of ecosystem services for agriculture, herding, and local enterprises. The authors in the chapter “The River as Habitat: The Ravi as a Site of Collaboration between People, Ecologies, and Human Agency” contrast this “pulsating” habitat with the Ravi Riverfront Development Project (RRDP), a neo-liberal model that, under the guise of sustainability, involves the expropriation of 41,000 hectares of settled land for commercial use. By analyzing the “agriculture-market-forest triad” and the urbanizing riverbank, the chapter highlights how such “investment-friendly” projects threaten the multi-tiered social and ecological constructs that have defined the region for centuries.

In the chapter “Revitalization of the Blue Network of Dhaka: Social Responsibility of Planning Approaches and Practices“, Neelopal Adri and Fahmida I. Aumi apply a social justice lens to examine conservation-induced displacement within the context of Dhaka’s “blue network” revitalization. The authors explore the challenges and aspirations of decision-makers, identifying the lack of context-sensitive planning frameworks as a primary cause of both ecological imbalance and the displacement of local populations. By illustrating how “top-down” measures and existing legal frameworks systematically overlook endemic knowledge, the chapter critiques the current planning paradigm in a region historically recognized as a “Civilization on Water.” The authors conclude that true revitalization can only be achieved if conservation strategies evolve from the indigenous practices and social rights of the communities, ensuring that environmental goals do not compromise social justice.

Vanessa Peter provides a sobering introduction to the crisis of forced evictions in Chennai, where between 2015 and 2021, over 18,700 families were displaced from 66 settlements under the guise of restoring rivers and canals. The author contends that these actions constitute serious human rights violations, as essential due processes—such as the issuance of legal notices—were systematically ignored, disproportionately affecting women and children. The chapter “An Introduction to Forced Evictions along Rivers in Chennai and its impacts on women and children” highlights how the lack of coordinated planning and implementation between state institutions resulted in improper resettlement in peripheral areas. Ultimately, these displacements have left the urban poor in significantly worse living conditions, characterized by unacceptably inadequate infrastructure and a lack of basic social support.

Ahmed Tarek Alahwal investigates the Integrated Cooum River Restoration Project, which has transformed 14 kilometers of riverfront land into parks, significantly altering how various stakeholders benefit from these spaces. Utilizing a political ecology entitlement approach, the author examines the impact on diverse groups—including resettled households, park users, and the river system itself, viewed here as an “agent and citizen.” The study presented in the chapter “Where is the river? How a depoliticized restructuring of riverfront land uses builds differentiated entitlements and benefits from land resources” reveals that the restoration process has been “depoliticized” through semi-private institutions and restructured funding, a shift that decreases government accountability and excludes citizens from defining the river’s boundaries. By reclassifying settled areas as “encroachments” based on shifting tenure types, the project effectively strips residents of their participation and resettlement rights, while making the river’s own capabilities entirely dependent on land-use changes.

Sunitha Donbosco and Maartje van Eerd examine the critical gap in the rights to information, consultation, and participation for communities targeted for resettlement along the Cooum River in Chennai. Drawing on empirical evidence from two selected inner-city slums, the authors assess the extent to which authorities disseminated relevant information in the local language and sufficiently in advance. The study reveals that affected households were largely kept in the dark regarding the resettlement plans and their entitlement to compensation, preventing them from adequately preparing for the impending displacement. By comparing these findings with the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-based Evictions and Displacement, the chapter “Mapping the information and communication lacunae in river front development induced evictions and resettlement in Chennai” concludes that the lack of transparent communication renders the process non-participatory and inconsistent with international human rights standards.

This work serves as an essential resource for students, researchers, and practitioners across urban studies, geography, sociology, ecology and policy governance. Collectively, the contributors to this volume advocate for a fundamental shift in how urban waterfronts are conceptualized and governed. Rather than pursuing top-down, “investment-friendly” models that prioritize aesthetic beautification, the authors call for the institutionalization of community-led housing modalities and the recognition of land and water as a unified ecological system. By integrating multisciplinar knowledge and ensuring transparent communication with affected communities, policy-makers can move toward a planning paradigm where environmental resilience and social justice are treated as inseparable goals.
“Rivers, Cities and People” stands as a critical intervention in urban discourse, successfully bridging the gap between ecological necessity and social responsibility.


Index of contents

List of Tables
List of Figures
Preface and acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Introduction
Banashree Banerjee and Maartje van Eerd

PART I – Different cities, distinct rivers, similar social challenges

Chapter 2: The Promise of One Safe Future for the Oplan Likas Resettled Families of Metro Manila
Melissa Quetulio-Navarra

Chapter 3: A Tale of Two Cities: Restoration of Bangkok’s Waterways in a “Post-Amphibious” Setting
Paul Rabé and Kittima Leeruttanawisut

Chapter 4: Social and Environmental Impacts of Urbanization in Indian Non-Metros: Evidence from Tamil Nadu
Bhuvaneswari Raman

Chapter 5: Learning from Urban Riverfront Development: Revisiting the Sabarmati Model
Kirtee Shah and Keya Kunte

Chapter 6: The River as Habitat: The Ravi as a Site of Collaboration between People, Ecologies, and Human Agency
Rabia Ezdi and Mishele Ijaz

Chapter 7: Revitalization of the Blue Network of Dhaka: Social Responsibility of Planning Approaches and Practices
Neelopal Adri and Fahmida I. Aumi

PART II – River restoration and waterfront development in Chennai

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Forced Evictions along Rivers in Chennai and its impacts on women and children
Vanessa Peter

Chapter 9: Where is the river? How a depoliticized restructuring of riverfront land uses builds differentiated entitlements and benefits from land resources
Ahmed Tarek Alahwal

Chapter 10: Mapping the information and communication lacunae in river front development induced evictions and resettlement in Chennai
Sunitha Donbosco and Maartje van Eerd

Index


BOOK Info

Maartje van Eerd, Banashree Banerjee (Eds.)
Rivers, Cities and People. Social Challenges of Urban Waterfront Development in Asia

Publisher: Routledge, May 2025
ISBN: 978-1032993133
Pag.: 246


Authors’ Biographies

Maartje van EERD

She is an Assistant Professor and Senior Specialist in Housing and Social Development at the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (IHS) of Erasmus University Rotterdam. A human geographer by training, she has extensive experience as a researcher, trainer, and consultant, specializing in housing rights, displacement, and social development. Her expertise focuses on urban management and housing policies, with a significant contribution to interdisciplinary research on the challenges of developing cities and the management of urban resources in complex contexts.
Her academic career is rooted in doctoral research on the governance of resettlement in Chennai, India, where she analyzed the dynamics between government policies, NGO initiatives, and local communities. Throughout her career, she has provided strategic consultancy and training in numerous countries, consistently promoting inclusive and sustainable urban development. Her work has primarily focused on the Global South, including South and Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Banashree BANERJEE

Urban planner based in New Delhi, she works as an independent consultant and teaches in Housing and Urban Management, at the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (IHS), Erasmus University, Rotterdam.
His work focuses on inclusive approaches to urban planning and management. This includes supporting local government in India, Egypt and Bangladesh for participatory planning, slum improvement through partnerships, and making city land available for the poor, as well as inputs into policy. Banashree has several publications to her credit and has undertaken assignments such as Panelist at the World Urban Forum 2010, Rio De Janeiro, Chairperson of the International Jury for the UN-HABITAT best Practices Awards in 2008; working group member of the Global Commission for Legal Empowerment of the Poor in 2007 and member of the International Expert Group on Land and Housing of UN-HABITAT.



Article reference for citation:

Editorial Team of PORTUS. “Rivers, Cities and People. Social Challenges of Urban Waterfront Development in Asia”. PORTUS | Port-city relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 50 (December 2025). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/rivers-cities-and-people-social-challenges-of-urban-waterfront-development-in-asia/

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