When Energy Enters the Port. The Energy Transition as a Driver of the Strategic Redefinition of Ports

13 Agosto, 2026

For centuries, ports have been places where goods, people and economic exchanges converge. Their history has been shaped by their ability to connect territories, foster trade and support the development of the cities that have grown around them. Throughout this long history, energy has always been present, although almost exclusively as a resource required to sustain port operations. Today, however, this reality is beginning to change. The energy transition is not only transforming the way energy is produced and consumed; it is also redefining the role of certain strategic infrastructures, among which ports occupy a unique position. Energy is no longer merely an auxiliary service but is progressively becoming part of the port’s value proposition, extending its traditional role as a logistics hub and transforming it into a platform capable of integrating logistics, energy, data and urban transformation.

The evolution of several of the world’s leading ports confirms that this is far from being a local phenomenon. Rotterdam and Antwerp-Bruges are expanding shore-side power connections while developing ecosystems based on renewable energy and low-carbon fuels. Singapore combines its position as a global maritime hub with technological experimentation, digitalisation and the development of new energy supply chains. Los Angeles, a pioneer in Onshore Power Supply (OPS), demonstrates that port electrification also requires substantial investment in electricity networks and urban infrastructure. Despite their different contexts, these ports share a common trend: they are assuming an increasingly active role within the energy system and transforming that role into a source of territorial competitiveness.

At this point, it is important to distinguish this process from the energy transition taking place in maritime transport. The decarbonisation of shipping primarily seeks to replace fossil fuels used for vessel propulsion with low- or zero-emission alternatives. The energy transformation of ports follows a different logic. Its objective is to equip ports with the capabilities required to supply, integrate and manage energy services for vessels while alongside port terminals, inland logistics and the surrounding industrial fabric. These two transitions are closely related and mutually reinforcing, yet they are not the same. The first changes the way ships navigate; the second transforms the way ports create value and interact with their cities and hinterlands.

Spain is fully engaged in this transformation. The Strategic Framework for the Spanish Port System of General Interest, approved in 2022 with a horizon extending to 2030, provides an especially valuable lens through which to interpret it. Its significance lies not merely in setting environmental or digital objectives, but in proposing an expanded conception of the port itself. Alongside traditional infrastructure and services, the Framework introduces both the ‘infostructure’ and the flow of energy as structural dimensions of port activity. Ports are therefore recognised as ideal locations for fostering renewable electricity generation and alternative fuels, since they concentrate demand from both maritime and land-based transport systems.

From a strategic management perspective, the Framework’s most significant contribution is that it broadens the port’s value proposition. Rather than simply incorporating green technologies into an existing model, it redefines the model itself. Beyond its traditional function as a logistics hub, the port progressively acquires new capabilities related to energy, digitalisation, innovation, governance and territorial integration. The vision promoted by the Framework is that of a port which is efficient, connected, smart, sustainable, safe and transparent; a port capable of simultaneously optimising flows of cargo, passengers, transport modes, data, energy and other critical resources.
This perspective also reshapes the mission of Spanish Port Authorities. Their role is no longer confined to planning infrastructure and regulating port services. Increasingly, they are expected to act as orchestrators of complex ecosystems: coordinating public and private stakeholders, fostering innovation, facilitating investment and building stronger partnerships with cities and surrounding territories. In this sense, the energy transition is not simply an environmental challenge; it requires the development of new strategic capabilities in planning, coordination and long-term governance.

Within this framework, Onshore Power Supply (OPS) acquires a significance that goes well beyond its technical dimension. Once a vessel is berthed, OPS enables it to switch off its auxiliary engines and obtain the electricity required for onboard services directly from the onshore grid. It does not electrify propulsion while the vessel is at sea; rather, it eliminates the need to continue burning fuel while alongside. Its immediate environmental benefits are well known: lower emissions, reduced noise and fewer vibrations in urban areas adjacent to ports. Yet its strategic importance is far greater. OPS transforms the port into a provider of advanced energy services and establishes a physical interface between the maritime transport system and the terrestrial electricity network.

The Spanish experience demonstrates that this transformation is no longer a future aspiration. According to the latest assessment carried out by the Net-Zero Mar Alliance, OPS technology has already reached a high level of technical and operational maturity, although significant differences remain in the readiness of both ports and vessels.
The Port of the Bay of Cádiz provides one of the clearest illustrations of this evolution. Its pioneering OPS installation for cruise traffic, developed in partnership with Endesa, represents far more than the deployment of a shore-side electrical connection. As emphasised by Teófila Martínez Saiz, President of the Port Authority of the Bay of Cádiz, the project forms part of a broader strategy aimed at modernising the port, strengthening its relationship with the city and reinforcing its competitive positioning. In this respect, Cádiz demonstrates how the vision set out in the Strategic Framework is beginning to materialise through tangible services that create value for shipping companies, passengers and citizens alike.

The energy perspective introduced by Rafael Sánchez Durán, General Director of Endesa for Andalusia, Extremadura, Ceuta and Melilla, helps identify what may become the principal constraint on this transition. The challenge does not lie solely in acquiring converters, installing cables or adapting berths. Large-scale electrification also requires sufficient available power capacity, new grid connections, substations, control systems and robust transmission and distribution networks.
The estimates presented during the La Rábida Summer Course suggested that the deployment of OPS throughout the Spanish port system could require approximately 800 MW of additional electrical capacity by 2030, together with investments of around €500 million in dedicated infrastructure. These figures highlight an essential point: OPS should not be understood merely as a port investment, but as a system-wide strategic decision. Its successful implementation requires long-term demand forecasting, coordinated investment schedules and close cooperation between port authorities, electricity network operators, energy companies and public administrations, so that grid capacity does not become the principal bottleneck in the energy transition.

This challenge is particularly relevant within the Spanish electricity system, where renewable generation has expanded rapidly and periods of very low – or even negative – electricity prices are becoming increasingly frequent. The key issue is therefore no longer simply producing clean electricity, but creating sufficiently flexible demand capable of absorbing renewable generation without compromising system reliability.
Ports are uniquely positioned to contribute to this objective through OPS, on-site renewable generation, energy storage, the electrification of port equipment, smart load management and closer coordination with neighbouring industrial activities. From this perspective, the electricity grid becomes the critical infrastructure linking renewable energy production with new patterns of demand. Future port competitiveness will therefore depend not only on the quality of maritime and inland transport connections, but also on access to reliable and adequately dimensioned electrical infrastructure.

Reducing the energy transformation of ports to the deployment of Onshore Power Supply (OPS) would therefore provide only a partial understanding of the ongoing transition. The port of the future will not simply consume or distribute electricity. It will evolve into an integrated energy platform where renewable generation, storage systems, alternative fuels, smart grids, digital technologies and flexible demand management converge within a single operational ecosystem. Energy will cease to be merely a supporting resource and will become one of the port’s core strategic capabilities.

The implications of this transformation extend far beyond the energy sector itself. Lower atmospheric emissions and reduced noise contribute directly to improving environmental quality and to strengthening the relationship between ports and the cities that surround them. At the same time, the availability of advanced energy services increases the attractiveness of ports for industrial investment, logistics activities and new business models associated with the decarbonised economy. The energy transition therefore reinforces not only environmental sustainability but also territorial competitiveness and urban integration.

From this perspective, the transformation currently taking place in Spanish ports should not be interpreted as an isolated technological process. Rather, it represents a profound strategic evolution that expands the traditional mission of ports and redefines the value they create for society. Ports are becoming platforms where logistics, energy, digitalisation and governance converge, generating synergies that were scarcely imaginable only a decade ago.

Ultimately, the Spanish experience illustrates how the energy transition is driving a genuine port transition. For decades, the competitive position of a port depended primarily on its geographical location, maritime connectivity, hinterland accessibility and operational efficiency. Over the coming decade, however, competitiveness will increasingly depend on the ability to integrate energy, data, innovation and territory into a coherent value proposition. The Strategic Framework for the Spanish Port System of General Interest anticipated this evolution by recognising energy flows alongside the traditional flows of cargo, passengers and information. OPS is the first visible manifestation of this transformation, but it is by no means its final destination.

When energy enters the port, what changes is not merely the way electricity is supplied to berthed vessels. What changes is the very mission of the port and, with it, its capacity to create economic, environmental and territorial value for the cities and regions it serves.


HEAD IMAGE | The OPS at the Alfonso XIII Dock in the Port of Cadiz. (© Port Authority of Cadiz Bay).


NOTE

[1] This article builds upon the reflections developed during the Summer Course Ports Committed to Their Cities: Energy Transition, Digitalisation and Urban Transformation, jointly organised by RETE and the International University of Andalusia (UNIA) and coordinated by the Port of Seville Chair at the University of Seville, held in La Rábida (Huelva, Spain) in July 2026. The dialogue between port authorities, energy companies, academic experts and representatives of public institutions enriched the ideas presented here. In particular, the contributions of Teófila Martínez Saiz, President of the Port Authority of the Bay of Cádiz, and Rafael Sánchez Durán, General Manager of Endesa for Andalusia, Extremadura, Ceuta and Melilla, provided valuable insights for the development of this contribution.


REFERENCES

Alianza Net-Zero Mar, & Ghenova. (2026). Actualización del análisis y mapeado de instalaciones OPS existentes y futuras en los puertos del sistema portuario español – 2025.

International Energy Agency. (2025). World Energy Outlook 2025.

International Maritime Organization. (2023). 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships.

Monitor Deloitte. (2025). Puertos verdes: la ruta hacia el liderazgo marítimo sostenible.

Puertos del Estado. (2022). Marco Estratégico del Sistema Portuario de Interés General.

Sánchez Durán, R. (2026). La respuesta de los puertos ante la nueva demanda energética [Presentazione]. Curso de Verano de La Rábida, Spagna.



Article reference for citation:

GALÁN-GONZÁLEZ, José Luis. “When Energy Enters the Port. The Energy Transition as a Driver of the Strategic Redefinition of Ports”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 51 (August 2026). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/ https://portusonline.org/when-energy-enters-the-port-the-energy-transition-as-a-driver-of-the-strategic-redefinition-of-ports/

GALÁN-GONZÁLEZ, José Luis. “Cuando la energía entra en el puerto. La transición energética como motor de la redefinición estratégica de los puertos”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 51 (August 2026). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/ https://portusonline.org/when-energy-enters-the-port-the-energy-transition-as-a-driver-of-the-strategic-redefinition-of-ports/