Net-Zero Emissions: A Shared Goal for Cities and their Ports

13 Agosto, 2026

Ports are fundamental urban and regional pillars in the development of cities and their surrounding areas. A port has the unique ability to define and shape a city’s identity with exceptional force. Examples of this include the port cities of Shanghai, Rotterdam, and Barcelona. This close connection demonstrates how the port and the city are destined to coexist in harmony, as neighbors, and with mutual commitment.

In fact, maritime transport currently moves more than 80% of global trade [1], and as this figure grows year after year, the relationship between the port and the city intensifies. Faced with this scenario, the ship cannot afford to be a noisy and polluting neighbor. In order to guarantee sustainable coexistence, the industry and institutions have decided to commit to the decarbonization of maritime transport. So much so that the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) new Net Zero Emissions (NZE) Framework aims to materialize the GHG Strategy revised in 2023 [2] [3]. This roadmap establishes significant emission reductions compared to 2008 levels: at least 20% by 2030 (with the aspiration to reach 30%) and a minimum of 70% by 2040 (with the commitment to achieve 80%), all with a view to reaching the ultimate goal of net zero emissions by or around the year 2050. This represents an environmental challenge and, furthermore, an opportunity to transform cities.

The decarbonization of the maritime and port industry is a matter that requires careful and multifaceted attention. There is no single solution; moving forward requires combining energy efficiency, the use of clean fuels, onboard carbon capture, and digital optimization. Therefore, to lead this energy transition, coordinated action is required from port authorities, institutions, shipping companies, shipyards, energy providers, terminal operators, and the shippers themselves. Only through collaboration and innovation will it be possible to mitigate environmental impact and move toward a more sustainable future. Thus, the requirements of the net zero emissions framework drive, on one hand, decarbonization to combat climate change, while simultaneously representing an opportunity to reduce energy dependence on other countries and to generate highly specialized employment.

To materialize the energy transformation facing the industry, international initiatives, such as the Global Maritime Forum, are already establishing guidelines that could be of great utility in the maritime and port sectors. In this regard, the immediate priority appears to be the electrification of wharves through Onshore Power Supply (OPS) systems. This technology allows berthed vessels, such as cruise ships, to turn off their auxiliary engines, completely eliminating noise and CO₂ emissions in the port. To meet this new clean demand, port facilities themselves are trying to incorporate solar photovoltaic energy, a measure that is complemented by the transition of land-based machinery toward hybrid and electric vehicles. In parallel, the entire land logistics ecosystem is being redesigned to ensure the safe reception and storage of the so-called “fuels of the future”, such as green methanol, ammonia, and hydrogen.

Of course, the change is not limited to land-based infrastructure but also impacts the fleet itself. The next generation of vessels must be designed from the outset under sustainability criteria to permit the use of clean fuels. In parallel, the active fleet will be forced to execute retrofitting projects to adapt to new energy requirements.

Continuing with the analysis of the energy transition in the fleet, the path toward sustainability requires differentiating between small and large vessels, given that, currently, electric or hybrid propulsion is viable only for the former type of boats. In small vessels, as is the case with recreational boats, electrification is already proving its urban value by eliminating noise and vibrations in city centers. In the case of large vessels, such as cargo ships or cruise ships, electric or hybrid propulsion is still insufficient for long-distance routes. Therefore, it is considered that the effective decarbonization of this fleet will depend on the implementation of clean fuels. In this sense, the port’s transition toward a true energy hub can be carried out through different solutions.

First, it appears that Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) represents the transition that is currently being implemented. Its adoption contributes significantly to the reduction of CO₂, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SOx), and fine particulate matter emissions in port cities. This technology is playing an important role in improving air quality in urban areas. An example of this is the reduction of smoke emissions by cruise ships berthing near historic centers, an improvement highly welcomed by citizens.

Second, bio-based fuels represent another transition of immediate application. Their adoption offers the advantage of being compatible with existing diesel engines and supply systems. This technology acts as an indispensable bridge that allows the carbon footprint to be cut in the present.

Third, green methanol and green ammonia are positioned. The great advantage of these fuels is their potential to reduce net carbon emissions to zero and their high energy density compared to liquid hydrogen, which facilitates their storage and transport onboard the ship. Nevertheless, as these are liquid or liquefied fuels, the great challenge at the port-city interface is the public perception of safety. Green methanol, although clean, presents risks such as corrosion and combustion with an almost invisible flame in emergencies. For its part, green ammonia stands out for containing no carbon in its molecule, but its high toxicity demands strict protocols against leakages, in addition to generating and emitting NOx.

Finally, green hydrogen emerges as the clean fuel of the future, which will lead us to full decarbonization. It is true that it currently faces significant barriers due to its low energy density, which requires complex compression and storage systems. However, the compelling argument for betting on green hydrogen lies in its capacity to become the energy source for the entire urban environment. With its development, the port could produce and store hydrogen not only for ships, but also to supply urban buses, city waste collection trucks, or local industries. In this way, the port precinct would become an important energy hub for the city.

This evolution toward green hydrogen is supported by a solid foundation, as Spain holds a prominent position as a leader in LNG infrastructure and supply, positioning itself as a benchmark in the field of vessel bunkering in Europe. Leveraging this logistical ecosystem and the experience gained with LNG, the country stands ready to take the next step toward total decarbonization.

Spain’s decision to promote the use of green hydrogen is resolute. A notable example is the Port of Huelva, which stands out for leading the development of a Green Shipping Corridor, a commercial route that seeks to promote sustainability by eliminating emissions between two or more geographical points. To consolidate this project, it is essential to guarantee a stable supply, representing a challenge in which Huelva ambitiously assumes a dual strategic role. The Port of Huelva, aware of its role in the energy transition, proposes to supply these zero-emission fuels to the fleet operating in its facilities and, furthermore, strives to produce them in large quantities with a view to exporting them to the rest of Europe. In this regard, the Huelva port already includes in its 2023-2030 Strategic Plan to play “a key role in the energy transition and decarbonization of the transport sector, positioning ourselves as a reference Energy and Industrial Cluster, promoting clean fuels”.

To materialize this objective, the Port of Huelva is providing its support to more than a dozen green hydrogen and clean energy projects, which it plans to launch in the coming years. In fact, it projects a new wharf specialized in liquid bulks and is advancing in the improvement of its navigation channel, optimizing operations for the export of these new clean fuels. Likewise, the Port Authority of Huelva is conducting a study to implement bunkering services adapted to emerging fuels, guaranteeing a safe supply aligned with international decarbonization demands.

Thus, the Port of Huelva will be the setting for a green industrial revolution due to the alliance between Moeve and C2X (a company majority-owned by the Maersk group), who plan to build Europe’s largest green methanol plant and one of the five largest in the world at Punta del Sebo. With an estimated investment of 1 billion euros and the forecast to generate 2,500 direct and indirect jobs, this industrial complex will annually produce 300,000 tons of this clean fuel starting in 2028, managing to avoid the emission of one million tons of CO₂. In this way, by considering Huelva’s port infrastructure as a global production and export node, the project addresses the urgent need for decarbonization in high-environmental-impact industries and contributes to consolidating the municipality as an important energy center and a model of sustainability in Southern Europe.

In conclusion, models such as that of the Port of Huelva show us how the energy transition has the potential to intertwine the boundaries between the port and the city. Ports, in their transition, will cease to be grey industrial zones to become sustainable and integrated infrastructures. Citizens, for their part, will benefit from a clean, quiet, and technologically advanced waterfront. However, the success of this transformation will depend on the ability to overcome the logistical, efficiency, and cost challenges involved in this new paradigm.


HEAD IMAGE | Moeve’s Ozimendi barge, the first multi-product marine fuel supply vessel in southern Europe. (© Moeve).


NOTES

[1] This article expands on some of the reflections that emerged from the Summer Course “Puertos comprometidos con sus ciudades: transición energética, digitalización y transformación urbana”, organized by RETE and the International University of Andalusia (UNIA) and coordinated by the Port of Seville Chair of the University of Seville, held in La Rábida (Huelva, Spain) in July 2026. The dialogue between port authorities, energy companies, industry experts, and the university enriched the analysis, and in the session on “Combustibles del futuro”, the contributions of Alberto Santana Martínez, president of the Port Authority of Huelva, and Ángel Salvador González Delgado, head of Optimization and Programming of the La Rábida Energy Park in Huelva, have been especially useful for the drafting of this document.

[2] ONU Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD) (2025, 23 de abril). Transporte marítimo: UNCTAD publica nuevas estadísticas. https://unctad.org/es/news/transporte-maritimo-unctad-publica-nuevas-estadisticas.

[3] International Maritime Organization (2023). 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships. International Maritime Organization. https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/environment/pages/imo-strategy-on-reduction-of-ghg-emissions-from-ships.aspx/.

[4] International Maritime Organization (2023). Resolution MEPC.377(80): 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships (MEPC 80/17/Add.1, Annex 15).


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Article reference for citation:

GALÁN-GONZÁLEZ, José Luis, RUIZ-MORENO, Carolina and Paula VILLALBA-RÍOS. “Net-Zero Emissions: A Shared Goal for Cities and their Ports”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 51 (August 2026). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/net-zero-emissions-a-shared-goal-for-cities-and-their-ports/

GALÁN-GONZÁLEZ, José Luis, RUIZ-MORENO, Carolina and Paula VILLALBA-RÍOS. “Cero emisiones: Objetivo compartido por las ciudades y sus puertos”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 51 (August 2026). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/net-zero-emissions-a-shared-goal-for-cities-and-their-ports/