Waterfront Regeneration in a Time of Climate Change
Recent Japanese and International Experiences

29 Maggio, 2025

In front of escalating environmental disasters driven by global warming, this book provides an international perspective through a collection of historical essays and original contributions by esteemed academics and scholars. It offers a comparative look at various waterfront regeneration policies and practices in cities such as Tokyo, Sydney, Shanghai, and elsewhere. Addressing contemporary challenges on the waterside cities related to environmental, social, and governance issues, the work employs a multidisciplinary approach—from architects and urban planners to designers and architectural historians—that makes Waterfront Regeneration in a Time of Climate Change a key resource bridging the gap between research, planning, and design for coastal urban centers in terms of resilience. Leveraging Japan’s extensive experience in water urbanism and flood management, the book emphasizes the need for transformative, pragmatic, and inclusive long-term strategies.

As the current climate crisis and rapid environmental transformations increasingly threaten human settlements worldwide, it becomes imperative for designers, administrators, and engineers to begin exploring a variety of scenarios and solutions to counter these unfolding changes. Waterfront Regeneration in a Time of Climate Change also investigates potential local strategies and global solutions for protecting coastal cities and revitalizing often overlooked urban waterfronts. It advocates for a more effective integration between the port and the city while carefully addressing climate-related risks.

Collectively, the essays offer a multifaceted analysis of selected projects and relevant urban experiences, tackling several themes and issues such as environmental disruption and the pressing demand for more efficient and sustainable approaches in the urban renewal and waterfront regeneration processes.


The prospect of a landscape reshaped by rising waters due to climate change and environmental exploitation is at the heart of a thought-provoking exploration of utopian urbanism. Leonardo Zuccaro Marchi and Alice Covatta reflect on extreme future scenarios, analyzing in “A Metabolist Utopia in the Crisis of a Flooded Society” Kikutake’s Marine City (1958) as one of the first floating city experiments. Their work highlights the relevance of the Metabolist movement as a provocative tool for envisioning new modes of living in a water-dominated Anthropocene. By emphasizing flexibility and innovation, they argue that speculative utopias can help shape adaptable solutions for the risks ahead.

Utopian urban models and megastructural forms—such as marine cities, floating communities, and waterfront developments—have long attracted architects and designers as alternatives to decaying inner cities affected by urbanization, population growth, and mass consumerism. Raffaele Pernice revisits in “Urban Life on the Water. Concepts, Models and Prototypes for Marine Habitats in Japan 1958–2025” the impact of Japan’s avant-garde Metabolist movement of the 1960s on contemporary urban discourse, focusing on future city development and regenerative architecture. He also examines the influence of the “Big 5” Japanese construction firms—Takenaka, Shimizu, Taisei, Kajima, and Obayashi—and their collaborative efforts on large-scale planned utopias and metabolic cities on water.
Rather than being mere escapist fantasies, these megastructures function as speculative laboratories for radical solutions. Embracing their inherent technological complexity and scale, the author argues that these visionary urban models are essential for developing innovative approaches to address today’s existential challenges, including climate change and rising sea levels.

Modern urban planning in Japan prioritizes efficiency, yet its rigid structures may inadvertently weaken social resilience in times of disaster. In “Tokyo Waterfront Urban Planning and Disaster Resilience. An Unforgettable Memory”, George Kurumado examines Tokyo’s waterfront district, questioning the legacy of urban strategies that favor wide, straight streets over intimate communal spaces. He argues that historical social bonds played a pivotal role in Japan’s recovery from past disasters, particularly the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. The essay prompts reflection on how contemporary urban design can better integrate community cohesion to prepare for future calamities.

Following the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake, Japanese planners recognized the crucial role of community cohesion in recovery. In Tokyo’s Totsuka District, the Totsuka Community-Based Collaborative Recovery Activity Research Group (TCCRG) has worked with locals since 2010 to shape a pre-disaster recovery vision. At a November 2021 workshop, TCCRG introduced the “Nige Chizu” (Evacuation Map), a visual tool that highlights flood risks along the Kanda River and incorporates residents’ insights. This method led to proposals for alternative riverfront evacuation routes, additional safe spots overlooked by municipal plans, and dedicated resting areas for vulnerable groups. Tetsuya Yaguchi’s study underscores in “Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning and Consensus Building in Riverfront Neighbourhoods through Risk Communication. A Case of ‘Nige Chizu’ Creation in Totsuka District, Shinjuku, Tokyo” how proactive grassroots engagement is essential for aligning local knowledge with government strategies and maintaining a resilient waterfront environment.

Resilience is not simply about resisting change but about managing transitions effectively. William Galloway explores in “Resilience in Tokyo. Building on Change” the distinction between engineered and ecological resilience, examining how Tokyo’s urban landscape—especially its waterfront—adapts to constant transformation. While engineered resilience relies on deeply understood variables to maintain stability, ecological resilience embraces multiple possible futures, advocating for flexible planning strategies. Given Tokyo’s rapid cycles of redevelopment, the city’s regulatory framework supports open-ended adaptability while preserving essential protections. This approach ensures that Tokyo’s low-lying areas retain their resilience to climatic pressures, avoiding the constraints of overly rigid design solutions.

Yokohama’s evolution from a small fishing bay to a global commerce hub illustrates a dynamic urban transformation. Heide Imai traces the city’s growth through key milestones, including the Minato Mirai 21 project and the adoption of the Creative City philosophy in “From Shipyards to Skylines. An Overview about the Evolution of Yokohama’s Waterfront”. Rather than following traditional urban planning objectives, Yokohama prioritizes a balance between economic progress, cultural vitality, and ecological sustainability. The city’s approach to waterfront development exemplifies a broader global paradigm of urban renewal, where resilience is integrated into design strategies that enhance livability while maintaining the integrity of local contexts.

Recovering from devastation requires strategic foresight, as demonstrated by the reconstruction of Yokohama’s waterfront after the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923. The extensive damage inflicted on Yokohama Harbor and its canal networks, as well as the subsequent fire that exacerbated destruction, are examined by Yunlian Chen in “Waterfront Restoration in Yokohama after the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923. Focusing on the Reconstruction of Yokohama Harbor and Canals”. The reconstruction effort, overseen by the Imperial Capital Reconstruction Board, involved political, financial, and infrastructural strategies aimed at restoring critical waterways. The author highlights key projects, such as the rebuilding of timber basins, sampan wet docks, and city canals, illustrating Japan’s historically resilient approach to post-disaster urban recovery.

Venice’s struggle against rising sea levels is deeply connected to its unique urban morphology. In the chapter “Venice floods. An urban morphology perspective” the role of the MOSE (Experimental Electromechanical Module) system, designed to regulate tidal flows and prevent flooding, is investigated. Through historical and morphological analysis, Paola Favaro examines how Venice’s lagoon has shaped the city’s socio-economic fabric while simultaneously posing environmental challenges. While some narratives paint Venice as a fragile, sinking city, the author argues that its adaptive capacity remains strong, though MOSE introduces complex questions about the long-term urban and environmental transformation affecting the waterfront.

Hong Kong’s waterfront, spanning the Kowloon Peninsula and over 250 islands, holds deep cultural significance as part of the region’s rich history of sea trade. However, with one of the world’s highest land values—resulting in only around 10% of coastal areas being protected as public open space—the economic exchange value often trumps public usability. Hee Sun (Sunny) Choi examines how the city’s transition from traditional shipping functions—illustrated by developments like the repurposed Kai Tak Airport—has spurred a wave of waterfront regeneration projects similar to trends in Sydney, Hamburg, and Baltimore. The chapter “Waterfront regeneration and vitality in Hong Kong Central” stresses that, to prevent underutilization, key factors such as air quality, accessibility, proxemic facilities, and quantitative variables (including functional density, POI, site location, and user interaction indexes) must be integrated into planning to preserve the vitality and relevance of Hong Kong’s coastal edges.

The appeal of floating communities extends beyond solving land scarcity—it also hinges on social sustainability. Harry den Hartog examines in “Floating communities. How can human life on water be made more attractive and socially sustainable for larger communities?” how floating housing can foster a sense of community and identity, particularly in flood-prone urban deltas where land constraints make traditional development difficult. While experimental floating solutions are gaining traction, their success depends not only on technical feasibility but also on creating vibrant social environments. Through studies conducted with students during the COVID-19 pandemic, this chapter delves into design strategies that enhance the livability and attractiveness of floating settlements.

Bangkok’s dense urban fabric exacerbates flooding challenges, as impermeable surfaces prevent natural water absorption. Theeraporn Premchaiswadi investigates how small-scale Green Infrastructure (GI) can mitigate urban flooding in tropical high-density cities. Focusing on Bangkok’s polder areas, the chapter “Small-scale green infrastructure for mitigating flooding in tropical high-density cities. A case study of Bangkok’s polder area” highlights the importance of natural catchment zones and introduces strategic methods for integrating GI into limited urban spaces. By pinpointing priority zones and potential GI networks, the chapter provides insight into sustainable flood management tailored to tropical climates.

San Francisco’s waterfront faces escalating threats from both seismic risks and a projected sea level rise of one to two meters by 2100. Adam Varat and Luiz Barata discuss the Waterfront Resilience Program (WRP), which, in collaboration with the United States Army Corps of Engineers, is assessing flood vulnerabilities across 12 kilometers of the shoreline. Their study “San Francisco Waterfront Resilience Program Draft Plan” outlines adaptive strategies for future coastal defenses while emphasizing a robust, community-driven process in resilience planning. By balancing precise climate adaptation measures with ensuring public accessibility and equity, the initiative represents a transformative opportunity for San Francisco’s waterfront.

Vancouver’s False Creek faces the dual challenge of climate adaptation and heritage conservation. Yiting Pan examines how climate change – through rising sea levels, extreme heat, poor air quality, drought, and intense rainfall – threatens the historic coastal areas integral to the city’s identity. While Vancouver is celebrated for its livability, these evolving climatic pressures demand an integrated approach to constantly evolving ever-evolving waterfront regeneration. The chapter “Waterfronts as Shared Heritage. Conserving Vancouver’s False Creek in the Context of Climate Change Adaptation” explores policies and initiatives that balance ecological resilience with the preservation of urban heritage, demonstrating how lessons from False Creek’s evolution can guide adaptive strategies for the future.

Sydney’s waterfront faces mounting climate-related pressures, driving a comprehensive reevaluation of development regulations. Nan Ye and Jing Li examine the planning mechanisms that integrate sea level rise adaptation into both state and local policies through a “top-down” approach. Their analysis follows Sydney’s regulatory framework—illustrated by flagship projects like Barangaroo South—where state-level provisions, cautious restrictions on developments in foreshores and waterways, and the NSW Coastal Design Guidelines converge to foster resilient, innovative design. This study “Climate Adaptation in Sydney’s Waterfront Planning Management. Making Developments Responsive to Sea Level Rise” highlights the complex interplay of environmental constraints, ownership structures, and multi-departmental management, illustrating how New South Wales is striving to balance urban growth with effective climate mitigation.

The traditional view of waterfront regeneration—as mere brownfield redevelopment driven by conspicuous consumption—is giving way to a radically different paradigm. Bruno De Meulder and Kelly Shannon argue against maintaining an artificial, rigid land–water boundary. In the past, waterfronts were transformed indiscriminately into playgrounds for public and private investors. Today, however, land–water thresholds are revalued as strategic zones with protective capacities that not only buffer urban areas and enhance biodiversity but also create opportunities for productive and recreational uses. Focusing on the contested development forces along the extended coast of Vietnam’s Mekong Delta, the authors demonstrate in “Exit the Waterfront. Enter Coastal Landscape Design. A Case Study of the Mekong Delta” how integrating natural buffers into coastal landscapes can effectively replace the outdated approaches, offering a new model for sustainable waterfront evolution.

Unregulated urban expansion in peri-urban areas exacerbates flood vulnerabilities in developing cities. Sokuncharia Srey investigates Phnom Penh’s stormwater management challenges, emphasizing the overlooked potential of peri-urban land cover as a flood mitigation tool. Through scenario modeling, the chapter “Reformulating Peri-Urban Landscape Guidelines to Maintain Stormwater Management Capacity in Low-lying Developing Cities. A Case of Phnom Penh” assesses how revised landscape guidelines could bolster flood resilience. By advocating for policy reforms that incorporate natural retention areas, the study presents an alternative approach to managing urban growth while preserving the ecological functions essential for mitigating climate-related risks.


Index of contents

Foreword
Carola Hein

Introduction
Raffaele Pernice, Tetsuya Yaguchi

PART I – Water and the City in the early 21st Century. Architectural and Urban Dimensions: Case Studies Japan

Chapter 1: A Metabolist Utopia in the Crisis of a Flooded Society
Leonardo Zuccaro Marchi, Alice Covatta

Chapter 2: Urban life on the Water. Concepts, Models and Prototypes for Marine Habitats in Japan 1958–2025
Raffaele Pernice

Chapter 3: Tokyo Waterfront Urban Planning and Disaster Resilience: An Unforgettable Memory
George Kurumado

Chapter 4: Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning and Consensus Building in Riverfront Neighbourhoods through Risk Communication. A Case of “Nige Chizu” Creation in Totsuka District, Shinjuku, Tokyo
Tetsuya Yaguchi

Chapter 5: Resilience in Tokyo: Building on Change
William Galloway

Chapter 6: From Shipyards to Skylines: An overview about the Evolution of Yokohama’s Waterfront
Heide Imai

Chapter 7: Waterfront Restoration in Yokohama after the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923:Focusing on the Reconstruction of Yokohama Harbor and Canals
Yunlian Chen

PART II – Water and the City in the early 21st Century. Architectural and Urban Dimensions: Case Studies International

Chapter 8: Venice Floods: an Urban Morphology Perspective
Paola Favaro

Chapter 9: Waterfront Regeneration and Vitality in Hong Kong Central
Hee Sun (Sunny) Choi

Chapter 10: Floating Communities: How can Human Life on Water be made more Attractive and Socially Sustainable for Larger Communities?
Harry den Hartog

Chapter 11: Small-Scale Green Infrastructure for Mitigating Flooding in Tropical High-density Cities: A Case of Bangkok’s Polder Area
Theeraporn Premchaiswadi

Chapter 12: San Francisco Waterfront Resilience Program Draft Plan
Adam Varat, Luiz Barata

Chapter 13: Waterfronts as Shared Heritage: Conserving Vancouver’s False Creek in the context of climate change adaptation
Yiting Pan

Chapter 14: Climate Adaptation in Sydney Waterfront Planning Management – making developments adaptive to sea level rise
Nan Ye, Jing Li

Chapter 15: Exit the Waterfront. Enter Coastal Landscape Design: A Case Study of the Mekong Delta
Bruno De Meulder, Kelly Shannon

Chapter 16: Reformulating Peri-urban Landscape Guidelines to Maintain Stormwater Management Capacity in Low-lying Developing Cities: a case of Phnom Penh
Sokuncharia Srey

Afterword

Helen Lochhead

Index


BOOK Info

Raffaele Pernice, Tetsuya Yaguchi (Eds.)
Waterfront Regeneration in a Time of Climate Change
Recent Japanese and International Experiences

Publisher: Routledge, August 2025
ISBN: 978-1032981345
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003316657
Pag.: 288


Authors’ Biographies

Raffaele PERNICE

Licensed architect and Senior Lecturer in Architecture and Urbanism in the Faculty of Arts, Design & Architecture at the University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney, Australia), with extensive international experience, your research interest lies at the intersection of the disciplines of architecture, city planning and urban design. An urban and architectural historian by training, he holds a PhD in Architecture from Waseda University in Tokyo (Japan) and a Master of Architecture from the University IUAV of Venice (Italy).

Tetsuya YAGUCHI

Professor at Waseda University, Japan, where he conducts theoretical research and leads urban design initiatives aimed at sustaining and enhancing the built environment. In addition to his academic work, Mr. Yaguchi actively conducts pre-disaster planning workshops for communities in Tokyo and develops disaster education programmes for younger generations.



Article reference for citation:

GIOVINAZZI, Oriana. “Waterfront Regeneration in a Time of Climate Change. Recent Japanese and International Experiences”. PORTUS | Port-city relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 49 (June 2025). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/waterfront-regeneration-in-a-time-of-climate-change-brrecent-japanese-and-international-experiences/

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