Smart Ecosystems: From Smart Cities to Smart Ports

12 Agosto, 2026

Currently, as part of a process that began in recent decades, cities are undergoing a revolution in how they govern themselves. Factors such as digitization, connectivity, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and big data analytics have driven new management models aimed at improving mobility, energy efficiency, environmental sustainability, and citizens’ quality of life. However, it is important to emphasize that the reality of the smart city must go beyond the mere incorporation of technology; it must foster the development of a governance model that integrates people, institutions, and infrastructure.

In this context, the concept of territorial intelligence cannot be limited to urban space. Cities are increasingly part of complex networks in which interactions among logistics, energy, and transportation infrastructures determine their competitiveness and sustainability. Among these, ports occupy a unique position due to their ability to connect local and global dynamics, serve as economic drivers, and serve as platforms for technological innovation.

As Klar et al. (2023) point out, ports have evolved in recent years into complex systems comparable to those found in smart cities, due to the high degree of interdependence among infrastructure, information flows, energy, mobility, and institutional actors. For this reason, port digitalization must be understood as a systemic process aimed at improving decision-making and coordinating multiple actors within a broader, interconnected environment.

Early Smart City initiatives were strongly focused on incorporating digital technologies to optimize urban services. However, the conceptual evolution of the term has shifted the focus from technology to the ability to generate smart, data-driven ecosystems, as well as to collaboration and governance among all actors in society.

According to the European Commission (2026), a smart city is defined as a territorial system capable of integrating various functional elements, such as mobility, energy, water, security, the environment, and urban planning, through interoperable platforms that facilitate real-time decision-making. In this regard, it is certainly true that this definition closely aligns with current approaches to integrating cities and their ports, where digitalization serves people and collective well-being through technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, automation, and shared information systems.

Therefore, from this perspective, a smart territory cannot and should not be merely the sum of its digital infrastructure. Its true value lies in its ability to generate knowledge from data and transform it into public policies, services, and solutions that address increasingly complex environmental, economic, and social challenges. The transition, therefore, from the “Smart City” to the “smart ecosystem” involves not only recognizing oneself as an element in need of improvement but also having a comprehensive understanding of the other actors that make up a city: ports, airports, technology parks, industrial zones, and logistics networks are all part of the same territorial system and must operate in an integrated manner.

As for ports, the growing complexity of global supply chains, the need to reduce emissions, and competitiveness requirements have driven the emergence of the Smart Port concept. Although there is no universally accepted definition, most studies describe a Smart Port as infrastructure capable of leveraging data, advanced technologies, and collaborative governance models to optimize operations, improve sustainability, and generate value for all stakeholders.

Although there is no universally accepted definition, most studies agree that a Smart Port is an infrastructure that leverages data, advanced technologies, and collaborative governance models to optimize operations, improve sustainability, and generate value for all stakeholders (Belmoukari et al., 2023). Thus, within these ports, it is common for different technologies to coexist to achieve the proposed objectives, including the Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data Analytics, Blockchain, distributed sensors, advanced automation, digital twins, cloud storage, etc. However, various research studies on the subject also emphasize that the mere use of technology does not make a port “smart.” Thus, Othman et al. (2023) highlight that beyond the use of technology itself, what matters most is its deployment in ways that integrate dimensions such as sustainability, human capital, governance, and organizational capacity. Consequently, what truly sets a Smart Port apart is not the number of sensors deployed, but its ability to transform scattered information into useful knowledge for decision-making.

Across the board in addressing these challenges, both from the perspective of cities and, more specifically, ports, one of the most significant transformations associated with smart ecosystems is the growing importance of data as a strategic asset. Traditionally, port competitiveness depended mainly on physical factors, such as geographic location, infrastructure size, and logistical capacity. However, digitalization has introduced a new competitive dimension based on data management.

Various scientific studies have highlighted the importance of data generation and use; for example, Klar et al. (2023) identify three fundamental characteristics for future smart ports: real-time situational awareness, advanced analytical capabilities to support decision-making, and platforms for collaboration among multiple stakeholders. None of these capabilities will be possible without excellence and quality, accessibility, and proper governance of the available data.

Thus, in this context, digital twins are emerging as one of the most promising tools for advanced port management. These virtual representations enable simulation of operational scenarios, anticipation of incidents, resource optimization, and assessment of environmental impacts before implementing decisions in real-world environments. As a result, data becomes a new factor of production as important as physical capital or labor, strengthening ports’ adaptability and resilience in the face of increasingly changing environments.

To achieve this, universities, technology centers, startups, logistics companies, and public administrations must participate in collaborative programs to develop innovative solutions, enabling the testing of new technologies in real-world environments and accelerating their transfer to other regions. It is here that open innovation also takes on special significance in areas such as port decarbonization, smart mobility, energy management, the circular economy, environmental monitoring, logistics automation, resilience to climate change, and so on. In this sense, the port ceases to function solely as transportation infrastructure and instead becomes a hub for knowledge and innovation generation.

Therefore, the challenges currently facing cities and ports are largely shared. Both must reduce emissions, increase energy efficiency, manage large volumes of data, improve mobility, and respond to increasingly frequent climate-related phenomena. For this reason, the convergence of the Smart City and Smart Port agendas is inevitable. Pesquera (2021) argues that the digital integration of the city and the port is one of the main challenges facing the new generation of smart territories, in which connectivity and information exchange play a central role. However, one of the main mistakes in early approaches to Smart Ports was the exclusive framing of digital transformation as a technological problem.

Therefore, scientific evidence shows that the success of these processes depends largely on effective governance mechanisms that coordinate diverse interests and foster collaboration between public and private actors. Smart governance involves institutional leadership, transparency, trust, and the ability to share data securely. It also requires creating participatory spaces that align economic, environmental, and social objectives. In this regard, the resilience of port-city ecosystems increasingly depends on collaborative innovation. Recent studies show that port cities capable of developing open innovation ecosystems demonstrate a greater capacity to adapt to economic, technological, and climate crises. Therefore, the concept of a Smart Port should be understood as a balanced combination of technology, governance, and social innovation.

Within the Spanish context, Seville represents a particularly interesting case due to its unique status as an inland seaport and its close interaction with the urban environment. A clear commitment to innovation, sustainability, and collaboration with the academic and business communities has marked the Port of Seville’s recent evolution. Initiatives such as the Port of Seville Chair reflect a strategy aimed at transforming the port into an open platform for experimentation and innovation, connected to the generation of academic knowledge.

Furthermore, the integration of projects related to the energy transition, the circular economy, digitalization, and sustainable logistics places the Port of Seville in a privileged position to develop a Smart Port model aligned with international trends, while maintaining its distinctive characteristics. The case of the Port of Seville clearly demonstrates how the future competitiveness of ports will depend not only on their physical infrastructure but also on their ability to generate knowledge, attract talent, and create shared value with the city.

Digital transformation is driving a new generation of smart ecosystems in which cities and ports are no longer evolving independently but are instead integrating into increasingly interconnected regional models. Smart Ports, therefore, represent much more than the automation of processes or the incorporation of new technologies. They are spaces for innovation, collaborative governance, and the creation of shared value, capable of simultaneously contributing to competitiveness, sustainability, and citizen well-being.

Indeed, recent studies on the subject confirm that the ability to manage data, coordinate stakeholders, and generate knowledge will be a decisive factor in ports’ competitiveness over the next decade. In this context, the port-city relationship is emerging as one of the most promising areas for the development of smart regions. The case of the Port of Seville shows that it is possible to move toward models in which innovation, sustainability, and regi onal development converge in a shared vision of the future.


HEAD IMAGE | Autonomous vehicle manufactured by CTAG traveling along the New York Dock, Seville. (© Port Authority of Seville).


NOTE

[1] This article develops some of the reflections that emerged in the Summer Course “Puertos comprometidos con sus ciudades: transición energética, digitalización y transformación urbana”, organized by RETE and the International University of Andalusia (UNIA) and coordinated by the Seville Port Chair of the University of Seville, held in La Rábida (Huelva, Spain) in July 2026. . Specifically, this work focuses on the fourth session, entitled “Ecosistemas Smart: de las Smart Cities a los Smart Ports”, which featured Pedro Baena-Luna, from the University of Seville, and Baldomero Ortega Pardal, from AMETIC, as speakers.


REFERENCES

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Article reference for citation:

BAENA-LUNA, Pedro and Baldomero ORTEGA PARDAL. “Smart Ecosystems: From Smart Cities to Smart Ports”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 51 (August 2026). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/smart-ecosystems-from-smart-cities-to-smart-ports/

BAENA-LUNA, Pedro and Baldomero ORTEGA PARDAL. “Ecosistemas Inteligentes: de las Smart Cities a los Smart Ports”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 51 (August 2026). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/smart-ecosystems-from-smart-cities-to-smart-ports/