A Port Architecture School

28 Dicembre, 2024

Of the 34 Schools of Architecture in Spain, the Seville School of Architecture has a unique geographical feature: it is located less than 150 meters from the Port, which in the past was the center of economic activity in the city of Seville. The urban development linked to the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929, of which the site of the School of Architecture is heir, cannot be understood without the nearby expansion of the Port, at the beginning of the 20th century, derived from the construction of the Alfonso XII Canal and the Tablada wharf.

This proximity is the reason why, among the topics of the Architectural Design courses, it is historically easy to find those located on the grounds of the Port of Seville, in plots or facilities both accessible to the city or restricted to public.

The singularity of the historical iconography of the city of Seville, so influential in shaping the collective unconscious of the city, may have contributed to this, in which the prominence of the Port in the compositions of the most widespread engravings and paintings, or the very point of view chosen to represent the city, speak of riverbanks full of activity, not only port activity, but public and urban ones in the broadest sense of these words.

Reviewing the approaches of academic projects that have dealt with the land of the Port of Seville, either in the accessible or restricted plots, we can locate both residential proposals (conventional housing or collaborative housing) and new facilities. The latter are linked to the foreseeable transformation of the Tablada dock area into the city’s new Port District, with its possible variants of educational, administrative, cultural, sports, commercial and even park-like uses, linking in this case with the nearby and recently completed Guadaira Park, on the bed of the former tributary of the Guadalquivir.

This teaching tradition, that of locating the proposals of the students of the School of Architecture in the fluvial edges of the city, has also led to trace and value the specific water morphology that underlies the urban core of Seville, historically crossed by different tributaries of the Guadalquivir and conditioned by the efforts to control, divert or hide these river beds, causing, like the river itself in its original course, numerous and damaging floods. Over time, the tributaries of the Guadalquivir in urban areas have disappeared from the city’s consciousness, but not from its geological reality, since in some way they persist, either piped, diverted or relieved by canals, the latter being the new artificial utility rivers that still run unnoticed through some peripheral neighborhoods.

The design activity of the School of Seville has also found inspiration in the treatment of these secondary waterways, whether historical (as in the case of the still active section of the Guadaira River or its portion transmuted into a linear park) or upstart, such as the Ranillas canal, built in the post-Civil War period to control the floods of the Tarmarguillo. In recent years, the Ranillas canal has had a certain prominence in the courses of Architectural Projects, as the possibility of rehabilitating it as a recreational sheet of water at the service of the East Seville area has been highlighted. This would take advantage of the connection with the Lower Guadalquivir Canal, which can feed it at certain times of the year, when the demand of the irrigators of the basin decreases and there is enough water available to fill its bed and give life to its banks.

The Seville river system at present. Diversions of natural tributaries and new canals. (© Francisco Marín Andreu, 2014).

The architecture by the river, the architecture of the Port…, syntagms of an unquestionable appeal for students and teachers, which may bring to mind some classic illustration of the “architect’s dream”, such as that of Thomas Cole, who, perhaps not by chance, locates this reverie on the banks of a river port.

The Architect’s dream. Thomas Cole, 1840. Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. (http://emuseum.toledomuseum.org/objects/54973/the-architects-dream/).

The advantage of operating from the academy in a supplementary waterway, no longer useful or historically relevant, as is the case of the Ranillas canal, offered the opportunity to explore, without the constraints of the realism of port regulations or property limitations, new forms of public architecture linked to a sheet of water shared by citizens and to the nature that supports it, as well as to practice a new type of urban landscaping, within the territory of these engineering works that fulfilled their function but must now submit to new environmental paradigms.

Hotel and thermal aquatic center on the banks of the Ranillas Canal (Seville). Architectural Designs 9, E.T.S. de Arquitectura de Sevilla. (© Daniel Tobalo Casablanca, 2020).

Cruise Terminal at Tablada Pier. Final Project, E.T.S. de Arquitectura de Sevilla. (© Isidro Quintanilla Yáñez, 2024).

Renaturalizing cities

Working on the river edges of Seville with students made us delve into the new conceptual currents that inspire what has come to be called Landscape Urbanism, a recent discipline, which understands the landscape as the context in which architecture and civil engineering should move, and develops the interaction between artificial and natural systems, diluting the boundary between landscape and city, which would be conceived as a landscape, and would be analyzed, treated and projected as such [1].

The theoretical bases of this approach have been synthesized, in recent courses in which the ETSA Seville has been working on the river edges of the city, in the following battery of concepts, encompassed within the common force idea of “Renaturalizing citie”.

  • Designing with nature. Modern cities, and ports in particular, deposit their constructions and infrastructures on the pre-existing natural substrate, generating a sort of concrete mask, under which, however, that substrate survives, with its latent topography, geology and hydrology. Future transformations need not necessarily be based on additions of new layers or new masks, and may, as one of the first options, somehow bring the underlying nature back to light.
  • The permeable horizontal plane. The conventional way of urbanizing is based on the generation of impermeable, rigid and flat surfaces, designed mainly for the ease of road mobility, which cut off the hygrothermal exchange with the subsoil. The landscape vision of urban planning, on the contrary, favors the minimization of these impermeable coverings and proposes their possible conversion into new breathable skins, if not open to the natural substratum.
  • Praise for slowness and topography. The speed of communications gives meaning to road mobility but not necessarily to pedestrian itineraries, which can be endowed with other attractions in their design: recovering the natural topography and the vernacular ways of walking can enrich the experience of urban space for the pedestrian, especially if, in addition, in the organization of the city, ideas such as that of the “five-minute urbanism”, which aims to concentrate the maximum of daily services within an accessible pedestrian proximity, take precedence.
  • The roots of the built. Attention to the pre-existing landscape is also directed to the alterations that constructions cause in the natural substratum and to consider also as an object of the architectural project the sustainable design of these modifications, so that the result does not irreversibly damage the integrity of the natural systems that support the architecture.
  • Architectures of light contact. One way of relating respectfully with the natural substrate is to promote architectures that are deposited as delicately as possible on it, with few supports, with unbuilt first floors, or with light technologies, so that buildings can be understood more as reversible facilities with a minimal footprint on the landscape than as heavy and permanent intrusions of it.
  • Against the “cleared” site. Attitudes that place the building at the center of the design process, and relegate the “site” where it is located to the condition of a mere support to be leveled or cleared, can lead to proposals where the territory free of buildings is abstracted and presented as a simple support plane, as the flat tray that serves the architecture, removing the surrounding territory from its own character and its own condition of landscape to be respected, already endowed with relevant morphological features to consider.
  • The geological city. The example of Boston’s Emerald Necklace, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted at the end of the 19th century, with its 7-mile chain of parks, river basins and trails and roads, is often cited as one of the clearest examples of understanding the geological reality of the urban core when planning its development. Watercourses, prevailing winds, solar cycle, topography, runoff, native vegetation, etc., are essential terms in this approach, which should not be missing in the premises of urban planning.
  • Cities as crops. In the words of Rem Koolhaas, “architecture is no longer the primary element of urban order, increasingly urban order is given by a thin horizontal vegetal plane, increasingly  landscape is the primary element of urban order” [2]. For the Dutch architect, it is the function of urban planning to “irrigate the territory with potential” in the same way that agricultural systems humanize the landscape rationally and provide it with the potential to generate crops. Urban activities would be the crops that a landscape-rooted urbanism ends up making “grow” in a territory planned with the care of a farmer.
  • The other cohabitants. Attention to the biological kingdoms. Cities are also the biotope of numerous animal species, among them those that urban activity expels, when their coexistence with humans was once profitable or pleasant. The architectures that build this second nature that are cities can house mechanisms or devices that welcome back, permanently or in transit, animal species that are habitually expelled, but that can enrich the daily life of citizens, while increasing the biodiversity of a once natural territory.
  • Healthy reversals. The evolution of urban activities is generating obsolete infrastructures for which the intervention that the change of use generates is the rehabilitation or replacement of the built parts. However, the cessation of an activity or its obsolescence can generate an opportunity to retrace the path taken and give rise to the renaturalization of certain portions of the city. The New York High Line, with its conversion of the former elevated railroad tracks into a linear park, is a good example of the regenerative capacity of this approach.
Coda. Before cities came Parks

The reappearance of landscape in the cultural imaginary is due in part to the remarkable presence of environmentalism and global ecological awareness. For some authors, the example of the gardens of Versailles provides a prime example of how landscape design can inspire an entire urban concept. When André Le Nôtre encounters the pre-existing territory at Versailles there were traces on the site of what had been a hunting and agricultural territory. What Le Nôtre does is a kind of “axialization” and domestication of the site, so that the pre-existing traces are transmuted into a park. A park that became an example for subsequent baroque cities. There was a pre-existing landscape that was transformed into a park and the shape of this park created a mirror effect and was the inspiration for the designed cities that came later [3].

In an era like ours, where attention to the environment has moved to the top of the agenda, cities and their harbors can be renaturalized and recover some of the lost, or simply hidden, nature. And in this way, likewise Versailles, they can also provide models for future urbanism.


HEAD IMAGE | Port area where the School of Architecture is located. (Source: Google Earth).


NOTES

[1] Waldheim, Charles (2016), Landscape as Urbanism. A General Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
[2] Koolhaas, Rem (1998), IIT Student Center Competition Address, Illinois Institute of Technology, College of Architecture, Chicago.
[3] Desvigne, Michel, Intermediate Natures. Harvard GSD, Daniel Urban Kiley Lecture, April 10th, 2013 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHlkLtd6nxw/).



Article reference for citation:

TERRADOS CEPEDA, Francisco Javier. “A Port Architecture School”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 48 (December 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/a-port-architecture-school/

TERRADOS CEPEDA, Francisco Javier. “Una Escuela de Arquitectura portuaria”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 48 (December 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/a-port-architecture-school/



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