Interventions in Small-Scale Port Cities. Medium and Rural Ports

28 Dicembre, 2024

Introduction

The Andalusian port system consists in a set of ports and port spaces located along the coastline, responding to different operational functions and the established administrative organization, with the State Administration reserving the management of ports of general interest. While the ports of general interest are located in the main Andalusian cities with maritime access (Huelva, Sevilla, Cádiz, Málaga, and Almería), and other areas of special strategic and logistical importance due to their position in the Strait of Gibraltar or communication routes into the interior of the Iberian Peninsula, such as the Port Authorities of the Bay of Algeciras and Motril, the autonomous ports are located in small municipalities, and even in rural areas far from the main population centers, often in environments protected by heritage or environmental regulations.

To approximate the difference in scale between these ports, we can do so mainly through three aspects: the population of the cities in which they are located, the extent and surface area of the service areas, and thirdly, and closely related to the previous two, the economic impact of these ports. Just as in Motril, the smallest of the Andalusian cities where a port of general interest is located, which has a population close to 60,000 inhabitants (59,199 according to 2023 data), we find that the Public Agency of Ports of Andalusia manages port facilities in El Granado or Sanlúcar de Guadiana, municipalities with 507 and 402 inhabitants respectively.

The service areas of the general interest ports located in Andalusian territory easily exceed one thousand hectares (3,800 hectares of land area and only zone 1 of water in the case of the Port of Huelva), while the total surface area of water and land of the service areas of the autonomous ports does not exceed 1,000 hectares. With these two data points, we can get an idea of the difference in funding resources and economic impact between the two types of port facilities, as in general interest ports, the possibility of establishing companies and businesses multiplies due to the concentration of population and activity, while in medium-sized ports, financial balance is more complicated.

Another major differentiating aspect between the two types of ports is the activity that takes place in them. While general interest ports are mainly dedicated to the import and export of products and goods, as well as passenger transport, in smaller-scale ports, the main activities are fishing, recreational boating, as well as the dry docking and repair of vessels and other complementary activities to port operations. Occasionally, in some ports in Huelva and Cádiz, regular passenger transport is developed, but on a scale that is not comparable to general interest ports.

Within the autonomous ports, we also find private ports, which are mainly recreational boating ports that flourished in the 1960s linked to tourism and residential developments. This type of facility are closed operations, where urban planning is limited to the renewal of urbanization, shops and businesses, so they will not be the subject of development in this article, which will focus on the actions that the Public Agency of Ports of Andalusia has evolved, taking advantage of the funding framework provided by European Funds for integration actions between ports and cities and the regeneration of degraded spaces.

Rural or Isolated Ports

Among the main characteristics that allow us to differentiate one port from another are the uses developed in them and their location in relation to the urban core. In some cases, we find port facilities far from cities, ports whose origin is based on natural conditions of shelter and depth close to natural resources, which allowed the development of productive activities. This type of port has been the subject of actions to improve their connectivity and accessibility, incorporating them into cycling and walking routes, and removing barriers that hindered access for users or visitors.

This is the case of the actions undertaken at the La Laja port, in the municipality of El Granado (Huelva). It involves an intervention at the old mineral loading dock located upstream from the Guadiana river mouth, linked to a manganese mining operation that was active from the 19th century until 1965. Among the actions entrusted to the Public Agency of Ports of Andalusia within the CICLOSEND_SUR Project, funded by European resources, was the provision of infrastructure and port facilities accessible to cycling users, which materialized in the execution of maritime-fluvial works at various port facilities in the province of Huelva, allowing connection with Portuguese municipalities.

The actions undertaken at the old mineral loading dock of La Laja included:

  • The establishment of 72 meter of a floating dock.
  • The construction of an intermediate platform and a 25-meter-long walkway connecting to the dock, which allows for overcoming the elevation difference under suitable accessibility and safety conditions, adapting to the variable flow conditions of the Guadiana River, influenced by weather and the releases from the Alqueva, Pedrogao, and Chanza dams.
  • The redevelopment and adaptation of access to the old dock, creating a new riverfront facade for the La Laja site, maintaining continuity with the old loading dock, including the adaptation of the access road, overcoming an elevation difference of over 6 meters.
  • Landscape intervention and urbanization of the surroundings, creating resting areas and viewpoints integrated with the existing vegetation.
  • The installation of a pergola in the open areas of the old dock, serving as a shade element and resting area for nautical users and walkers, equipped with photovoltaic panels and batteries that power the lighting of the area, and the execution of a railing on the edge of the old dock, providing adequate safety conditions.

In the case of the Port of Conil, in the municipality of Conil de la Frontera (Cádiz), it is a port linked to fishing activities since at least the 14th century, as evidenced by references in writings from the Duchy of Medina Sidonia, which took advantage of good communications with the interior of these waters sheltered by Cape Roche, close to the fruitful fishing grounds of the Gulf of Cádiz, and the almadraba fishing activity.

At the end of the 20th century, a series of works were undertaken that provided the shelter and infrastructure historically demanded by the local fishing sector, resulting in significant development of artisanal fishing that does not forgo international recognition due to its commitment to product quality, traceability, and environmental sustainability. The shelter works allowed for the development of nautical-recreational activities in the breakwater, which required a series of actions to facilitate the arrival of users and visitors, ensuring the economic sustainability of the activities carried out by the yacht club. In this case, it involves not only a reorganization of vehicular and pedestrian access, intervening in the port’s open areas and the breakwater to provide safe and pleasant pedestrian pathways and a viewpoint square equipped with shade and furniture, but also aims to connect these spaces with the paths to the beaches of Roche and Conil, the route of the Roche River, or nearby cliffs—established and frequented routes that run close to the port—through the construction of a wooden cycle-pedestrian bridge that, integrated into the landscape, resolves the elevation difference between the port and the nearby cliff.

Nautical facilities at the old mineral loading dock in El Granado (Huelva) and redevelopment of the breakwater at the port of Conil (Cádiz). (Source: Agencia Pública de Puertos de Andalucía, 2023 y 2021).

Urban Ports

With the exception of these isolated facilities from urban centers, linked to productive activities such as mining and fishing, and the ports that, as mentioned in the introduction, were built specifically as part of urban development tied to real estate projects and tourism, it is common for many ports to have been the seed of the population center in which they are located. These boat shelters, which allowed for the development of fishing and commercial activities, became centers of activity around which urban growth developed, leading to the establishment of a stable population. A clear example of this is the case of Barbate (Cádiz), where a millennia-old fishing and commercial activity culminated in the establishment of its own municipality, following the segregation in the early 20th century from the Barbate nucleus, which belonged to Vejer de la Frontera, due to the development and economic weight that this population center had achieved, particularly linked to the almadraba fishing method.

These types of ports require a deeper analysis to offer solutions from urban planning and architecture that are beneficial for both the port and the city, as this close relationship between the port and the population, which has been common since ancient times, has changed with the emergence of other activities, such as tourism and hospitality, which propose relocating ports from the centers of populations to more peripheral areas.

Such operations should not be considered without ensuring the viability of relocating port facilities, which is conditioned by many factors, not just economic ones (the need to relocate and construct large and costly infrastructures in a short period, which have been built over decades). It is also essential to assess coastal dynamics (currents and sediment deposition), depth, the feasibility of the shelter’s layout, environmental impact…

Next, we will provide some examples of integrative urban planning actions in ports within urban environments, where the aim has been to improve the relationship and coexistence between the ports and the urban core.

Caleta de Vélez (Málaga)

In this case, from the outset of sectoral planning and through various actions, the goal was to open up to the city by eliminating very opaque enclosures, which allowed for the transformation of a dead-end road (the western end of Calle Las Casillas) into a new urban promenade open to the port. This transformation provided continuity to the routes, both vehicular and pedestrian and cycling, that ran along both ends of the port, turning the resulting roads into another artery of the municipality that channeled citizen flows toward the port and invited walking and lingering.
To achieve this, a first action was carried out that involved the complete redevelopment of the central area of the port, which, in addition to providing continuity to Calle Las Casillas at its western end and eliminating the enclosure, absorbed the elevation difference on both sides through a vegetated slope and flowerbeds in its westernmost area, or through small retaining walls that delineated and protected the fishing area in the eastern zone.
This redevelopment included a bike lane that extended to the western end of the port to connect with the waterfront promenade, as well as providing trees and shade to the new sidewalks.
This action was followed by a second phase involving the redevelopment of unused unpaved areas, aimed at providing new open spaces for fishing activities in the western area, as well as the removal of obsolete and unused buildings, or the establishment of new urban activities (a motorhome parking area) in unused open spaces in the eastern zone.
In 2023, the redevelopment of the urban contact area of the port continued, with interventions in the eastern zone, which successfully completed the pedestrian connection of the waterfront promenades located at both ends of the port. This involved working on undefined unpaved areas generated after the demolition of obsolete buildings (old workshops and boat repair facilities) to increase parking places, leisure areas, and terrace spaces, as well as to enhance and improve the facilities in the motorhome parking area.

Interventions in the urban contest of the ports of Barbate in Cádiz and Caleta de Vélez in Malaga. (Source: Agencia Pública de Puertos de Andalucía, 2020 y 2023).

Adra (Almería)

Since the early 21st century, the port of Adra (Almería) has focused on relocating fishing activities (fish market and shipowners’ rooms) from the eastern area to the western area, resulting in the creation of large open spaces that still lack defined use in this zone. Urban activity and routes surrounded the port, diverted by the urban facade located to the north and the promenade of the western gardens, causing a disconnection between the port facilities and the urban fabric.
To address this situation, the extension of pedestrian routes is proposed, both along the waterfront and with the promenade, as well as the recovery of degraded spaces through the implementation of new urban uses and the provision of new administrative and service buildings (laundry, changing rooms, and restrooms) for port users. The aim has been to create pleasant pathways and resting areas over the eastern shelter infrastructures, which, combined with the increase in activity throughout the area, has turned the port into a focal point and a new area for public enjoyment.

Redevelopment and administrative and service buildings in the port of Adra in Almería. (Source: Agencia Pública de Puertos de Andalucía, 2021).

Chipiona (Cádiz)

In this case, the starting situation was a disconnection between the open spaces and port activities and the urban layout and flows, due to the interruption of cycling and pedestrian routes coming from the city. To address this, the proposal includes extending and widening the pedestrian pathways from the city, providing continuity to the cycling routes, reducing unused or degraded spaces that citizens encountered upon entering the port, and implementing urban uses that encourage citizens to take ownership of the port areas. Service roads that ran near the water’s edge were removed, and staircases were replaced with wide ramps, aiming to create pleasant pedestrian pathways equipped with shade and quality urban furniture, to make the stay and routes of citizens and users more enjoyable, with wide sidewalks and smoothing the elevation differences between the port open spaces and Mar del Caribe Street. Similarly, undefined open spaces were eliminated, and urban activities were introduced, such as gourmet restaurants or a motorhome parking area.

Ayamonte (Huelva)

Several actions have been undertaken once the issues of these facilities in relation to the urban environment were identified, both in the fishing area located to the north, parallel to Muelle de Portugal Street, and in the nautical-recreational dock, which is located on the other side of the Estero de la Ribera. In the case of Muelle de Portugal, the problem was the lack of space between the facades and the water’s edge, which, by accommodating a two-way road necessary for the municipality’s mobility, left no room for pedestrian or cycling movement or for creating resting areas to enjoy the landscape along the Guadiana River. To resolve this, a major intervention on the river was undertaken, allowing for an expansion of space for public enjoyment, with a qualified urbanization featuring viewpoints and pedestrian and cycling pathways developed at two levels, separated from vehicular traffic. In the nautical-recreational dock, the main issue was the presence of some buildings and plots with undefined use, which created unpleasant environments for walking and staying. To address this, interventions were made in the degraded spaces, reurbanizing them to implement new urban uses and creating safe environments and pathways, removing obsolete and unused buildings, and improving service facilities for users and visitors.

Interventions on the Guadiana riverfront and the Ayamonte sports dock in Huelva. (Source: Agencia Pública de Puertos de Andalucía, 2019-2024).

In conclusion, we can indicate that in ports located in a rural or isolated environment, where seasonality or lack of population density makes it necessary to facilitate the port’s connectivity, the main focus should be on improving pedestrian and vehicular accessibility, as well as integrating the port into cycling or walking routes linked to the territory. This integration should promote the connection of port activities with other tourist and economic activities, providing pleasant and attractive spaces that invite visits and enjoyment.

In the case of urban ports, it is essential to adapt to the characteristics and activities of both the port and the municipality that hosts them. An analysis and assessment of the deficiencies and deficits of each facility regarding its accessibility and connectivity with the urban layout and activities should be conducted. It is common to find barriers that physically separate port activities, preventing the continuity of pedestrian, vehicular, and cycling routes coming from the urban fabric. It is necessary to evaluate how to act in order to integrate the port into the urban layout without hindering the development of port activities.
On the other hand, it is important to identify the presence of obsolete or unused buildings or open spaces, which can create undefined areas that generate uncertainty and insecurity for citizens when walking or accessing these spaces. Therefore, it is crucial to intervene by removing or repurposing these areas, creating pleasant and safe spaces where port or urban activities can take place.

In all these interventions, the uniqueness of the port infrastructure should be leveraged to create pathways, viewpoints, or resting areas that enrich urban spaces and promote the incorporation of ports into the imagination and experiences of citizens and visitors in port cities.


HEAD IMAGE | Port of Chipiona in Cádiz. (Source: Agencia Pública de Puertos de Andalucía, 2022).


REFERENCES

Juan Manuel Fornell Fernández (1996), Origen y evolución del Puerto de Barbate.

Diego Anguís Climent (2008), Puertos, arquitectura, patrimonio. Los puertos autonómicos en Andalucía.

David Florido del Corral (2010), El espacio portuario de Conil.

Ricardo Martín y Victor Yepes (2017), El paisaje en la planificación y gestión de los puertos deportivos de Andalucía.



Article reference for citation:

COPADO GARCÍA, Fernando. “Interventions in Small-Scale Port Cities. Medium and Rural Ports”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 48 (December 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/interventions-in-small-scale-port-cities-medium-and-rural-ports/

COPADO GARCÍA, Fernando. “Actuaciones en ciudades portuarias de escala menuda. Puertos medianos y rurales”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 48 (December 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/interventions-in-small-scale-port-cities-medium-and-rural-ports/



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