The Port and its Riverfront in the City of Lisbon

22 Dicembre, 2025

The Port of Lisbon is one of the oldest ports in Europe, with origins dating back thousands of years [1]. Its existence is primarily due to the unique geography of the Tagus estuary. Even before the Romans, peoples such as the Phoenicians (around the 12th century BCE) used the Tagus estuary as a natural shelter for maritime trade [2]. The estuary offered excellent natural conditions: calm waters, deep channels, and easy access to the interior of the territory.

With the arrival of the Romans, Lisbon (Olisipo) became a structured commercial port connected to Mediterranean trade routes [3]. The Roman port was mainly located in what is now the Baixa Pombalina.

During the Muslim occupation and later the Reconquista, the port continued to be a crucial hub for trade and the entry of goods [4].

In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Port of Lisbon became one of the most important in the world [5], serving as a departure point for expeditions to Africa, India, and Brazil, and handling shipments of spices, gold, slaves, and other goods. It was during this period that Lisbon established itself as a global maritime capital.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the port was modernized with docks, warehouses, shipyards, and terminals [6].

Today, it is a multifunctional port (cargo, passengers, cruises), still benefiting from the same geographic advantages that gave rise to it millennia ago.

The Tagus estuary as a natural shelter for maritime trade. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority).

Alcântara port area. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority).

Alcântara container terminal. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority).

Trafaria bulk terminals. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority).

Signs of Change, Early Experiences, and Transformation

From the 1980s and 1990s onward, a structural shift can be observed in the relationship between the Port of Lisbon and the waterfront [7]. This period is characterized by the progressive decline of industrial and logistical functions located in central areas of the city, a consequence of the modernization of port systems [8], the growing need for larger-scale operational areas, and the obsolescence of traditional infrastructures. The reduction of these activities generated vast underutilized territories, triggering a process of urban reconceptualization of the waterfront area [9].

At the same time, the first systematic urban regeneration initiatives emerged, aimed at reintegrating the Tagus into the daily life of the city [10]. The opening of areas previously inaccessible to the public, such as the Doca de Santo Amaro, became a symbolic and programmatic milestone of this movement [11].

The 1990s intensified this trend with the decision to host Expo ’98, which acted as a catalyst for the deep reconfiguration of Lisbon’s eastern zone [12], coordinating deindustrialization policies, environmental remediation, and the creation of new urban occupation models oriented toward public, residential, and tertiary use.

Doca de Santo Amaro. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority).

Simultaneously, an institutional and academic debate began regarding the redefinition of the boundaries between port and city [13], seeking to reconcile the contemporary operational demands of the port sector with the landscape and social valorization of the waterfront. The interventions of this period consolidated principles that, in subsequent decades, allowed the progressive transformation of Lisbon’s urban shoreline into a space of coexistence between specialized port functions and urban programs with high symbolic and cultural intensity.

Reurbanization of the Lisbon waterfront between the historic districts of Belém and Alcântara, specifically from the Junqueira area to the banks of the Tagus River. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority).

Surprises

The transformation of Lisbon’s waterfront revealed a set of surprises—unexpected effects, results not anticipated in the initial strategic documents, and emergent consequences of urban-port dynamics [14]. These surprises are fundamental for understanding the specificity of Lisbon’s case, distinguishing it from other European regenerations. The Lisbon process was characterized by an irregular pace, complex negotiations, and a strong influence from external factors, such as port globalization or Expo ’98.

Early assessments in the eastern zone revealed that industrial contamination was far more severe than expected [15]. Soil and aquifers were deeply affected by decades of petrochemical, metallurgical, and milling activities. This finding represented a substantial surprise, requiring the integration of advanced decontamination techniques [16], the redefinition of timelines, and a significant increase in public investment. The depth of contamination not only delayed the redevelopment process but also became the operation’s main technical challenge.

The decontamination process of the Barreiro industrial area. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority; © Luísa Ferreira).

As factories, warehouses, and industrial facilities ceased operations, a continuous stretch of vacant land emerged along the Tagus [17]. Initially regarded as marginal spaces, these areas proved to be a strategic land reserve, with much greater spatial extent and continuity than anticipated. Territorial availability contributed to a systemic vision of the waterfront: not merely a succession of isolated projects, but a continuous urban corridor capable of redefining metropolitan structure.

Early pilot projects —namely the Doca de Santo Amaro and pedestrian areas between Cais do Sodré and Belém— demonstrated a previously suppressed social demand for access to the Tagus [18]. The population appropriated these new spaces with surprising intensity, accelerating pressure to continue redevelopment. This spontaneous appropriation revealed the river’s role as a structuring element of urban identity, countering decades of physical and symbolic separation.

Continuous urban corridor of the waterfront. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority).

Although negotiations were expected, the scale of conflicts between the Lisbon City Council and the Port of Lisbon Authority was unforeseen [19]. The dispute extended beyond land-use definitions to political, economic, and symbolic dimensions. Controversy over which functions should remain port-related, and which could be converted for urban use generated prolonged tensions, requiring innovative governance solutions.

One of the most surprising developments was the evolution of Expo ’98 from a simple international exhibition to an unprecedented territorial transformation [20]. The scale of intervention—including decontamination, infrastructure, mobility, cultural facilities, and public space exceeded all expectations. Expo became the unifying element of a broader strategy for reconfiguring the eastern zone, serving as a driver of investment and political legitimacy.

Parque Expo’s management introduced more flexible, interdisciplinary, and results-oriented methodologies [21], contrasting with traditional Portuguese administration. This project management approach constituted an institutional surprise, presenting an alternative to municipal structures and traditional port management. The model impacted interinstitutional coordination and became a reference for future interventions.

For much of the 20th century, the Tagus existed primarily as a functional, industrial, and port space. From the first interventions onward, this perception changed rapidly: the river began to be seen as a landscape and leisure space [22]. This symbolic shift was not anticipated in initial programs but was crucial for consolidating public and political acceptance of the redevelopment.

Redevelopment introduced new patterns of soft mobility (cyclists, corridors, pedestrians) [23], attracting diverse population groups. Previously underused areas became social spaces with strong cultural, touristic, and nightlife dynamics. This transformation surprised observers with its pace and intensity, requiring new forms of public-space planning.

La Ribeira das Naus, the most emblematic public space of the Lisbon promenade. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority).

Ribeira das Naus, for centuries Lisbon’s main shipyard, is now a place for relaxation and socializing, equipped with an artificial urban “beach” where residents and tourists can admire the panorama. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority).

Warehouses, silos, and cranes, previously seen as ruins of an obsolete past, were reinterpreted as identity elements of the waterfront [24]. Integrating these elements into urban design represented a significant cultural transformation, unforeseen in the initial plans.

Waterfront interventions generated much faster and more intense real-estate valorization than anticipated [25]. This phenomenon attracted private investment, accelerated urban transformation, and produced multiplier effects on commerce, tourism, and services. However, it also raised concerns about gentrification and unequal access to housing.

Redevelopment of the eastern zone and the construction of Parque das Nações profoundly altered Lisbon’s territorial model [26], which ceased to be organized exclusively around the western waterfront and historic center. The emergence of new centralities constituted a structural surprise, transforming the city’s functional geography.

Contrary to many predictions, port modernization allowed the Port of Lisbon to maintain strategic relevance [27], adapting to the new relationship with the city. Reorganization of operational areas and specialization in new sectors demonstrated a capacity for reinvention that many early studies had not anticipated.

Images of the Lisbon Cruise Terminal, a modern and strategic infrastructure that connects the historic heart of the Portuguese capital with global maritime routes, strengthening the city’s tourist vocation. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority).

The surprises occurring during the transformation of Lisbon’s waterfront illustrate the complex, dynamic, and contingent nature of urban processes. They reveal that cities are open systems influenced by institutional, economic, social, and symbolic factors that go beyond formal planning [28]. Understanding these unforeseen events allows waterfront regeneration to be interpreted not as a linear process but as a negotiated and continuously adapted construction.

What Next?

Future Developments of Lisbon’s Waterfront: Scenarios, Trends, and Potential Transformations

The future of Lisbon’s waterfront depends on the interaction between urban, port, environmental, technological, and social dynamics [29]. Transformations since the 1980s have revealed the city’s capacity to reinvent itself in response to global changes, deindustrialization, new urban policies, port restructuring, and evolving mobility models. Nevertheless, the waterfront remains an open territory, where tensions, opportunities, and uncertainties coexist.

This chapter offers a prospective analysis, identifying structural trends, possible scenarios, and evolutionary pathways that may guide the future development of the relationship between Lisbon, the Tagus, and the port.

One of the most likely developments is the creation of a continuous public-space corridor along the entire riverbank between Algés and Parque das Nações [30]. Today, the waterfront exists in discontinuous segments, interrupted by port uses, highways, or railway zones. Reconfiguring these barriers would enable a uniform pedestrian and cycling connection; integration with the port; creation of linear parks and new leisure spaces; and greater urban and environmental cohesion along the Tagus.

Global mobility transformations point to a gradual reduction of cars in central areas [31]. Accordingly, the waterfront could evolve into a space where public transport (electric buses, metro, autonomous shuttles) takes priority; continuous and safe bike lanes exist; pedestrian spaces override road logic; and new waterborne transport modes contribute to metropolitan mobility.

Projected sea-level rise and increased frequency of extreme events will require climate-resilience strategies [32]. Future waterfront interventions could include hybrid coastal defense systems (natural barriers plus discreet infrastructure); flood-adaptable buffer zones (parks that accommodate rising waters); riparian renaturalization to dissipate tidal energy; and nature-based urban solutions.

The Tagus could be understood not only as a landscape or economic resource but as an environmental infrastructure [33] capable of regulating microclimates, supporting riparian biodiversity, integrating sustainable drainage systems, and creating ecological corridors connected to the city interior.

Environmental pressures and technological evolution point to a more compact, intelligent, and clean port [34]. Potential developments include automated cargo handling, full terminal electrification, drastic emission reductions, and reorganization of port areas for greater spatial efficiency.

Port areas could gradually release urban space [35] as logistics become more specialized. Simultaneously, traditional zones could be converted to mixed uses, preserving maritime activities while integrating cultural or leisure functions. This could lead to new waterfront neighborhoods built over hybrid infrastructures, intelligent musealization of industrial-port heritage, and creation of discreet, highly technological “logistics islands.”

The Vessel Traffic System building in the port area of Algés, a dynamic hub with flexible spaces for culture and major events. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority).

The future may also bring more diverse forms of river appropriation [36] including rowing clubs, small marinas, water sports, floating cultural spaces, urban river beaches, and permanent cultural events along the waterfront.

The eastern zone, already marked by galleries, studios, and cultural spaces, could become a major creative district [37], leveraging industrial heritage and remaining vacant land. Possible developments include art, technology, and design clusters; conversion of silos and warehouses into cultural centers; and creation of industrial heritage trails.

Lisbon could position itself as a key hub of the Atlantic blue economy [38]. Areas of development include marine biotechnology research, underwater robotics, ocean renewable energy, and new services associated with sustainable maritime transport.

The waterfront will continue to face strong real-estate pressure [39]. Its evolution will depend on the ability of public policies to balance social diversity, affordable housing, heritage protection, architectural innovation, and integration with sustainable mobility.

Three Possible Scenarios for 2040 [40]

Scenario A – Integrated City–River

  • Continuous waterfront.
  • Zero-emission port and public-access areas.
  • Predominance of soft mobility.
  • Strong renaturalization.
  • High functional and social diversity.

Scenario B – Dual City

  • Some highly developed zones; others remain fragmented.
  • Persistent CML–APL conflicts.
  • Intense real-estate pressure.
  • Targeted but not systemic environmental interventions.

Scenario C – Technology-Dominant Port

  • Logistic expansion.
  • Reduced waterfront accessibility.
  • Strong port digitalization.
  • Lower priority for public space and renaturalization.

The future of Lisbon’s waterfront depends on efficient integration across three strategic domains: (i) energy transition and digitalization of port activities [41], (ii) climate adaptation and renaturalization [42], and (iii) functional and social reorganization of urban space [43]. Coordination of these domains should be supported by cooperative governance models among the APL, Lisbon City Council, and metropolitan entities, avoiding fragmentation seen in previous interventions.

The implementation of low-emission port systems —quay electrification, logistic automation, and digital twin technology— will reduce environmental impacts and optimize spatial use [44]. At the same time, incorporating nature-based solutions is essential to address sea-level rise and extreme events, ensuring physical resilience of the riverbank [45].

In the urban domain, the development of a continuous waterfront corridor with strong priority for soft mobility should be accompanied by regulatory policies that mitigate real-estate pressure and ensure social diversity [46]. The waterfront could play a central role in structuring new productive and cultural centralities if anchored in long-term urban planning instruments and environmental and social monitoring metrics [47].

In conclusion, the future of the Tagus riverbank depends on Lisbon’s ability to integrate infrastructure, ecosystems, and public policies into a coherent, resilience-oriented model [48]. The waterfront will consolidate as a strategic territory only if treated as an evolving system rather than a collection of isolated projects [49].

The Alburrica River Beach in Barreiro, managed by the Port of Lisbon Administration, integrates the enjoyment of swimming with the industrial history of the place, representing a point of reconnection between the local community and the Tagus estuary. (Source: Lisbon Port Authority).


HEAD IMAGE | Lisbon Cruise Port. (Source: Port Authority of Lisbon).


NOTES

[1] Gomes, M. L. (2005). História do Porto de Lisboa.
[2] Aubet, M. (2001). The Phoenicians and the West.
[3] Alarcão, J. (1998). Roman Portugal.
[4] Mattoso, J. (1997). História de Portugal — Reconquista.
[5] Braudel, F. (1985). Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme.
[6] Wiegmans, B. & Louw, R. (2011). “Modern port logistics”.
[7] Hoyle, B. (1989). “The port–city interface”.
[8] Notteboom, T. (2012). “Port modernization and logistics”.
[9] Oliveira, V. (2016). Urban Morphology.
[10] Portas, N. (2004). “Lisboa e a frente ribeirinha”.
[11] Costa, J. P. (1999). “Abertura da Doca de Santo Amaro”.
[12] Salgado, M. (1999). Expo’98: Processo e Projeto.
[13] OECD (2020). Port-City Governance.
[14] Desfor, G. & Laidley, J. (2011). Reshaping Waterfronts.
[15] Parque Expo (1999). Relatórios Ambientais.
[16] Bardos, P. (2004). “Brownfield remediation strategies”.
[17] Secchi, B. (2010). La città dei territori.
[18] CML (1995). Projetos Ribeirinhos de Lisboa.
[19] Matos, C. (2003). “Governança porto–cidade em Lisboa”.
[20] Portas, N. (2004). op. cit.
[21] Ferreira, A. (2002). “Gestão urbana na Parque Expo”.
[22] Lynch, K. (1976). Managing the Sense of a Region.
[23] Pucher, J. (2008). “Cycling and walking policies in Europe”.
[24] Trigg, D. (2012). The Aesthetics of Decay.
[25] Smith, N. (1996). The New Urban Frontier.
[26] Seixas, J. (2011). Lisboa em mutação.
[27] Notteboom, T. (2012). op. cit.
[28] Portugali, J. (2011). Complexity, Cognition and the City.
[29] OECD (2020). op. cit.
[30] CML & APL (2021). Plano Geral de Intervenção Ribeirinha.
[31] Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for People.
[32] IPCC (2021). Climate Change Report.
[33] Steiner, F. (2011). Urban Ecological Design.
[34] ESPO (2023). Green Port Report.
[35] Russo, M. & Scattoni, P. (2016). Port–City Territories.
[36] Soini, K. (2012). “Cultural uses of waterfronts”.
[37] Zukin, S. (1995). The Cultures of Cities.
[38] UNCTAD (2020). Blue Economy Report.
[39] Aalbers, M. (2016). The Financialization of Housing.
[40] Healey, P. (2007). Urban Complexity and Planning.
[41] Newman, P. (2020). Sustainable Cities and Regeneration.
[42] IPCC (2021). op. cit.
[43] Healey, P. (2007). op. cit.
[44] ESPO (2023). op. cit.
[45] Steiner, F. (2011). op. cit.
[46] Aalbers, M. (2016). op. cit.
[47] Seixas, J. (2011). op. cit.
[48] Newman, P. (2020). op. cit.
[49] Portugali, J. (2011). op. cit.


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Article reference for citation:

ALEXANDRE, Rui. “The Port and its Riverfront in the City of Lisbon”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 50 (December 2025). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/the-port-and-its-riverfront-in-the-city-of-lisbon/

ALEXANDRE, Rui. “O porto e a sua frente ribeirinha na cidade de Lisboa”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 50 (December 2025). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/the-port-and-its-riverfront-in-the-city-of-lisbon/

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