Puerto Caldera: Historic Convergence Between Port Modernization and MARPOL Convention Implementation

15 Dicembre, 2025

The Puerto Caldera Tender: More than Infrastructure

Puerto Caldera is Costa Rica’s main Pacific port and handles approximately 80% of the country’s maritime trade. The terminal currently operates at 95% capacity—well above the 80% considered optimal—generating congestion, delays, and cost overruns estimated at over 100 million dollars annually.

The two bids received come from world-class players: the Sunset Consortium, formed by APM Terminals and Hanseatic Global Terminals (formerly SAAM Puertos); and the Philippine company International Container Terminal Services (ICTSI). The concession, structured as a public-private partnership with World Bank (IFC) advisory services, spans 30 years and includes construction of new berths with Panamax vessel capacity.

But what is truly significant about this tender transcends physical infrastructure. The current concession expires in August 2026, just weeks after Costa Rica will have assumed binding obligations under the MARPOL Convention. This temporal synchronicity opens a unique window: the new concession contracts can—and must—incorporate from their inception the environmental obligations the country has just assumed internationally.

View of the Puerto Caldera operations area: the container terminal and the bulk cargo dock. (Photo: Courtesy of SPC).

MARPOL: 25 Years of Waiting, an Unrepeatable Opportunity

Drawing On June 24, 2025, Costa Rica’s Legislative Assembly finally approved the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78). The story behind this approval is revealing: in 1999, the Constitutional Court had declared the same convention unconstitutional, arguing that Costa Rica “did not have the necessary facilities” to comply with it.

For 25 years, Costa Rica—a country that presents itself to the world as a natural paradise and promoter of conservation efforts—lacked the world’s most important maritime environmental standard. Meanwhile, Ecuador, Colombia, and Chile ratified MARPOL and gradually implemented their obligations, gaining international port competitiveness.

The paradox is evident: Costa Rica’s regulatory perfectionism of 1999—demanding complete capabilities before assuming commitments—proved counterproductive. International experience demonstrates that countries develop capabilities precisely after assuming demanding international commitments, not before.

Six days after approving MARPOL, the Legislative Assembly also processed accession to the 1996 London Protocol, which regulates deliberate dumping at sea. This sequence reveals an unprecedented coordinated strategy in Costa Rican port policy.

The Convergence: Why Timing Matters

What makes the Costa Rican case exceptional is the temporal convergence of these processes. Puerto Caldera is fully concessioned until August 2026, meaning INCOP has no direct operational control to implement MARPOL facilities. However, when the concessions are renewed, the convention’s obligations can be incorporated into the new contracts.

This is an opportunity few countries have: to design from scratch a port concession that integrates international environmental standards. It is not about adapting existing infrastructure or negotiating contractual modifications with established concessionaires. It is about establishing the correct rules of the game from the beginning.

The contrast with the Atlantic coast is illustrative. The Port Administration Board of the Atlantic Slope (JAPDEVA) directly manages port operations and faces historic financial challenges that limit its capacity to invest in MARPOL facilities. In contrast, Caldera’s future concessionaires will assume these responsibilities as part of their contractual obligations, distributing the financial burden between public and private sectors.

Capacity Building: The Critical Link

Port modernization and MARPOL implementation require more than infrastructure and contracts: they require specialized technical capacities that Costa Rica has historically not developed. Here a third element of this convergence comes into play.

The State Distance University (UNED) and the international company CONSEMAR GROUP recently signed a framework cooperation agreement that seeks precisely to fill this gap. The alliance, articulated through the Comprehensive Research Program for Port City Development (PROCIP), encompasses actions in four areas: technical knowledge exchange, applied research, specialized training, and expert mobility.

PROCIP, internationally recognized for its work with RETE and ECLAC, will be key to adapting port analysis methodologies to new environmental standards. As we noted at the agreement signing: “This accord will allow us to prepare national institutions to implement these international commitments with a solid technical foundation.”

MARPOL implementation will create specialized jobs that currently do not exist in Costa Rica: maritime waste treatment technicians, port environmental inspectors, hydrocarbon management specialists, environmental compliance consultants. Panama employs more than 500 people directly in MARPOL services; Colombia generates more than 300 specialized jobs in Cartagena alone.

Reference layout Alternative A: new berth attached to breakwater, specialized container terminal, and bulk terminal improvements. (Source: INCOP, Technical Endorsement CR-INCOP-PE-0509-2024, September 2024).

Regional Perspective: Costa Rica as a Central American Laboratory

For Central America, the Costa Rican case offers important lessons. The region faces similar challenges: obsolete port infrastructure, fragmented regulatory frameworks, and growing pressure to meet international environmental standards.

The window of opportunity is limited. Panama is developing advanced environmental protocols to maintain its regional leadership. Colombia is modernizing the Port of Cartagena as a Caribbean environmental hub. Countries that complete their environmental modernization first will attract premium maritime traffic: international shipping lines that pay better rates for certified services.

Costa Rica has the opportunity to position itself as a regional center for maritime environmental services. Its geographic location—with coasts on both oceans—and its international environmental reputation could become real competitive advantages, if MARPOL implementation is executed intelligently.

Aerial view of Puerto Caldera: breakwater and container terminal in background; bulk terminal in foreground. Vessels at anchorage illustrate the port’s operational saturation. (Photo: Courtesy of SPC).

Final Reflection: The Time to Act

The convergence of the Puerto Caldera tender, MARPOL approval, and technical capacity building represents a historic opportunity that Costa Rica cannot waste. The error of 1999 was thinking the country needed to be perfect before committing. International reality demonstrates that countries develop after assuming demanding commitments.

The coming months will be crucial. The Evaluation Commission will analyze the bids received. Once published in La Gaceta, MARPOL will automatically enter into force. New concessionaires must assume clear environmental responsibilities from the start of their operations.

The question is no longer whether Costa Rica can modernize its port sector while meeting international environmental standards. The question is whether it will fully leverage this historic convergence to become a regional benchmark. For those of us who study port cities, Costa Rica currently offers a privileged observation case: that of a country which, after decades of postponement, has the opportunity to do things right from the beginning.


HEAD IMAGE | View of the Caldera port in the Pacific side of Costa Rica. (Photo: Courtesy of SPC).



Article reference for citation:

RÍOS DUARTE, Roger Humberto. “Puerto Caldera: convergencia histórica entre modernización portuaria e implementación del Convenio MARPOL”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 50 (December 2025). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/puerto-caldera-historic-convergence-between-port-modernization-and-marpol-convention-implementation/

RÍOS DUARTE, Roger Humberto. “Puerto Caldera: Historic Convergence Between Port Modernization and MARPOL Convention Implementation”. PORTUS | Port-City Relationship and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment, 50 (December 2024). RETE Publisher, Venice. ISSN 2282-5789.
URL: https://portusonline.org/puerto-caldera-historic-convergence-between-port-modernization-and-marpol-convention-implementation/

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